Present study was conducted during four seasons of the year, 2008 namely winter (December to February), spring (March to April), summer (May to September) and autumn (October to November). The study was divided into two phases; in first phase a questionnaire survey was conducted on traditional management system of camels and climatic data was collected from three ecological zones under study (Faisalabad, Bhakkar and Attock). In second phase, total 24 mature healthy male camels were used for recording seasonal and ecological changes in the behavior, ultrasonographic structure and biometry of testis and serum biochemistry (steroid hormones and some minerals) at all the zones. Biopsy sampling was done from the camels kept at Faisalabad zone (n=12; 6 in each breeding and non-breeding season) for ultastructural investigations, and slaughterhouse sampling (n=24; 6 sample in each season of the year) was done for morphometrical studies. The period of sexual activity started earlier in November and extended more even up to April at Attk as compared to other zones. Male camels used for breeding even up to 20 years of age at Attk zone. Duration of copulation was up to even 35 min at Attk zone, so it can be derived that the males of Attk zone are more efficient in reproduction as compared to FSD and Bkkr. The degree of most of rutting behavioral signs varies among different seasons and climate of the location. Some behavioral signs were observed as more extensive at Attk and then Bkkr zone as compared to the FSD, in the autumn (October, November) and spring seasons of the year, which revealed that the rutting season started earlier at these locations (Attk and Bkkr) and extended even up to the start of the summer at Attk zone. Biometric studies showed significantly (P<0.01) higher scrotal length and width of the testis during winter and spring season as compared to summer and autumn. Ultrasonographic imaging showed, the parenchyma of the testis as homogenous and moderate echogenic, the testicular capsule was appeared as thick hyper-echoic structure and tunics were identified as hyperechoic lines in both longitudinal and transverse planes, covering the parenchyma. A thin intratunical anechoic linear area was identified, because of fluid between the connective tissue coverings. Mediastinum was visualized as hyperechoic central line in the longitudinal section and a central hyperechoic circular area in transverse plane of the testis. Season had a prominent noticeable effect on the ultrasonic picture of the testis and epididymis at all the experimental zones. Serum testosterone was higher (P<0.01) during the winter season atChapter 2: Review of literature 30 all ecological zones under study, it started decreasing during spring and reached baseline during summer, maintained almost same during autumn at FSD zone however increased again in autumn at Attk and Bkkr zones. This increased level in autumn season was more at Attk as compared to Bkkr zone. Serum estradiol 17- β was higher (P<0.01) during the cooler months including January, February at all the ecological zones, it started declining in the month of March, April and May, little increased level was observed in the month of June but again sloped down in July and remained on baseline in the months of August, September, October and November. Serum concentrations of calcium, iron, sodium and chloride were higher (P<0.01) during the winter and spring as compared to other seasons of the year, while vice versa was true for the serum potassium, as it was recorded as significantly higher during the summer season. Serum testosterone, estradiol, calcium, iron, sodium and chloride were negatively correlated with the average environmental temperature and rainfall while positively correlated with the relative humidity and vice versa for serum potassium levels with some regional variations among different zones. Morphometrical studies showed that the volume, weight of the testis, average diameter of Sertoli cells, volume of intertubular compartment, relative volume of Leydig cells (VLc %), total volume of Leydig cells (TVLc × 10 12 μm 3 ), numbers of Leydig cells ×10 9 per testis and % intertubular tissue in the parenchyma of testis, were significantly (P<0.01) higher during the winter and spring seasons as compared to summer and autumn. However, % area occupied by the seminiferous tubules, % seminiferous tubule / interstitium, and the volume occupied by the seminiferous tubules and diameter of seminiferous tubules were recorded as significantly (P<0.01) higher during summer and autumn as compared to winter and spring seasons. Ultrastructural studies showed highly active Leydig and Sertoli cells during breeding season of camels (cytoplasm was having abundant and developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), more oval to elongate mitochondria and few fat droplets) and vice versa during the non-breeding season.
پرانے وقتاں دی گل اے کہ اک ملک اتے بہلول نامی بادشاہ حکومت کردا سی۔ بادشاہ اپنی رعایا دا بہت زیادہ خیال رکھدا تے ہر قسم دیاں سہولتاں اوہناں نوں فراہم کرن دی کوشش کردا۔ ساری رعایا اوس توں بہت خوش سی۔ اوہ اک وڈے خزانے دا مالک وی سی۔ رعایا وچوں جدوں کسے کوئی لوڑ پیندی یاں مسئلہ ہوندا تاں اوہ بادشاہ نال رابطہ کردا۔ بادشاہ نوں ہر طریقے نال اوس مدد کردا۔ ساری رعایا بہت خوشحال سی۔ ملک وچ امن دا مان وی حالت بہت بہتر سی۔
بادشاہ کول روپے پیسے توں وکھ اک قیمتی ہیرا وی سی۔ جس دا اوس توں وکھ ملکہ تے اک وزیر نوں پتہ سی۔ بادشاہ اپنے وزیر اتے بہت اعتماد کردا سی۔ ہر کم وچ اوہدے نال مشورہ کردا۔ اوس نے ہیرا اپنے خزانے توں وکھ اک کمرے وچ رکھیا ہویا سی تے ایس کمرے دی حفاظت دو سکیورٹی والے کردے سن۔ اوہناں نوں پتہ نئیں سی کہ کمرے دے کیہہ پیا ہویا اے۔ اک دن کمرے دی صفائی کردے ہویاں سکیورٹی والیاں نوں ہیرے دا پتہ لگ گیا۔
سکیورٹی والیاں ایہہ گل اپنے کچھ دوستاں نوں دسی تے فیر ایہہ گل سارے ملک وچ پھیل گئی کہ بادشاہ کول اک قیمتی ہیرا اے۔ ایہ گل اوتھوں دے وڈے وڈے خطرناک چوراں نے وی سنی تے ہیرا چوری کرن دا منصوبہ بنایا۔ سویرے اوہناں پنج بندیاں نوں محل دی سیر دے بہانے محل اندر گھلیا۔ جنہاں پورے محل دا گیڑا لایا تے اوہ تھاواں ویکھیاں جتھوں رات نوں محل دی کندھ ٹپ کے محل دے اندر آیا جا سکدا اے۔ رات ویلے سکیورٹی دی صورت حال وی بخوبی جائزہ لیا۔ چوراں دے سردار نوں ایہہ سن کے خوشی ہوئی کہ ہیرے دے نال بادشاہ کول اک...
Allama Shabbir Ahmed Uthmani was one of the prominent religious personalities who made efforts for islamization in Pakistan. So far as the major slogan in 1946 elections were to have a separate homeland of the Muslims where they may be able to live according to the Islamic values. It means Islam was the real power behind the struggle for Pakistan in 1947. After the making of Pakistan a religious scholar Allama Shabbir Ahmed Uthmani presented his services for isalmization in Pakistan as in this respect he had a unique role for the enforcement of Islamic system in Pakistan. Maulana Shabbir Ahmed Uthmani wants to see the constitution of Pakistan to be the leading document towards religious state. In this respect Allama Shabbir Ahmed Uthmani made critical efforts for designing the constitution of Pakistan which was finally approved by the Constitutional Assembly of Pakistan.
The ultimate concern of high performance sport in the final performance whether it is while training or at the competition. The final output observed is dependent on a complexity of factors. Performance level can be enhanced if the physical education teacher and coach more completely comprehend the structure and function of skeletal muscles. It can be analyzed by studying the size; shape and form of an individual and for this purpose, a set of selected anthropometric measurements and physiological parameters are taken on an individual. A desired relationship between any two parameters may play a positive role in performance. Numerous factors are responsible for the performance of badminton players. Fundamental skills of badminton like serving (low serve, drive serve, high serves and flick serves), lifts, smashing and blocking, requires a specific type of physique having specific proportions with certain conditional abilities, which can be seen in physiological variables such as vital capacity, heart rate, blood pressure and resting breathing frequency. The objective of present research work is to assess the anthropometrical and physiological differences existing in the high and low performance level of male badminton players belonging to Sindh province. Physical Education teachers and coaches are concerned at times with team selection as well as the training and preparation of the players for competitions. Their job as such demands a pertinent knowledge of the game concerned as well as the techniques and tactics in relation to that game along with an understanding of the anthropometrical and physiological variables, which form the basis of good techniques and tactics. Therefore, the study will be of significance in extending the horizon of knowledge in the field of Badminton. For present study National and all Pakistan Intervarsity level players are considered as High Performers while District, Region and Collegiate level Players are considered as Low Performers. A total of 60 subjects (30 from each category that is high & low performance Badminton players) were selected randomly from six districts of Sindh province such as, District Hyderabad, District Sukkur, District Khairpur, District Mirpurkhas and two Districts from Karachi (District South and District Malir). The findings of the study done on 60 subjects (30 High performance players and 30 Low performance players) revealed significant differences in the following variables of high and low performance Badminton players of Sindh. The anthropometrical parameters that were greater in high performance players are as follow: The mean weight (4.81) lower arm length (2.90), lower leg length (7.21), foot length (2.24), bicep muscle firth (6.76), calf muscle girth (4.74), vital capacity (5.55), mesomorphy (13.45),sitting height-stature index (13.45), thigh length (5.72), upper arm length – lower arm length index (2.26), hip width – stature index (8.37), shoulder width – stature index (5.15), hand length – wrist width index (4.06). The anthropometrical parameters that were lesser in high performance players are as follows: The mean hand length (2.23), shoulder width (4.34), hip width (7.47), biceps skin fold (18.90), heart rate (7.69), blood pressure systolic (9.18), blood pressure diastolic (9.12), resting breathing frequency (21.40). Present study concludes that high performance badminton players were greater than low performance badminton players in weight, lower arm length, lower leg length, foot length, vital capacity. The study also revealed that low performance badminton players were greater in biceps skin fold, heart rate, blood pressure systolic, blood pressure diastolic, resting breathing frequency, sitting height – stature index, thigh length – lower leg length index, upper arm – lower arm length index than high performance Badminton players of Sindh.