Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Home > Morphological and Functional Characteristics of the Testis of One-Humped Camel Camelus Dromedarius in the Natural Ecology of Punjab, Pakistan

Morphological and Functional Characteristics of the Testis of One-Humped Camel Camelus Dromedarius in the Natural Ecology of Punjab, Pakistan

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Hussain, Riaz

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Natural Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1507

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726725936

Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.

Similar


Present study was conducted during four seasons of the year, 2008 namely winter (December to February), spring (March to April), summer (May to September) and autumn (October to November). The study was divided into two phases; in first phase a questionnaire survey was conducted on traditional management system of camels and climatic data was collected from three ecological zones under study (Faisalabad, Bhakkar and Attock). In second phase, total 24 mature healthy male camels were used for recording seasonal and ecological changes in the behavior, ultrasonographic structure and biometry of testis and serum biochemistry (steroid hormones and some minerals) at all the zones. Biopsy sampling was done from the camels kept at Faisalabad zone (n=12; 6 in each breeding and non-breeding season) for ultastructural investigations, and slaughterhouse sampling (n=24; 6 sample in each season of the year) was done for morphometrical studies. The period of sexual activity started earlier in November and extended more even up to April at Attk as compared to other zones. Male camels used for breeding even up to 20 years of age at Attk zone. Duration of copulation was up to even 35 min at Attk zone, so it can be derived that the males of Attk zone are more efficient in reproduction as compared to FSD and Bkkr. The degree of most of rutting behavioral signs varies among different seasons and climate of the location. Some behavioral signs were observed as more extensive at Attk and then Bkkr zone as compared to the FSD, in the autumn (October, November) and spring seasons of the year, which revealed that the rutting season started earlier at these locations (Attk and Bkkr) and extended even up to the start of the summer at Attk zone. Biometric studies showed significantly (P<0.01) higher scrotal length and width of the testis during winter and spring season as compared to summer and autumn. Ultrasonographic imaging showed, the parenchyma of the testis as homogenous and moderate echogenic, the testicular capsule was appeared as thick hyper-echoic structure and tunics were identified as hyperechoic lines in both longitudinal and transverse planes, covering the parenchyma. A thin intratunical anechoic linear area was identified, because of fluid between the connective tissue coverings. Mediastinum was visualized as hyperechoic central line in the longitudinal section and a central hyperechoic circular area in transverse plane of the testis. Season had a prominent noticeable effect on the ultrasonic picture of the testis and epididymis at all the experimental zones. Serum testosterone was higher (P<0.01) during the winter season atChapter 2: Review of literature 30 all ecological zones under study, it started decreasing during spring and reached baseline during summer, maintained almost same during autumn at FSD zone however increased again in autumn at Attk and Bkkr zones. This increased level in autumn season was more at Attk as compared to Bkkr zone. Serum estradiol 17- β was higher (P<0.01) during the cooler months including January, February at all the ecological zones, it started declining in the month of March, April and May, little increased level was observed in the month of June but again sloped down in July and remained on baseline in the months of August, September, October and November. Serum concentrations of calcium, iron, sodium and chloride were higher (P<0.01) during the winter and spring as compared to other seasons of the year, while vice versa was true for the serum potassium, as it was recorded as significantly higher during the summer season. Serum testosterone, estradiol, calcium, iron, sodium and chloride were negatively correlated with the average environmental temperature and rainfall while positively correlated with the relative humidity and vice versa for serum potassium levels with some regional variations among different zones. Morphometrical studies showed that the volume, weight of the testis, average diameter of Sertoli cells, volume of intertubular compartment, relative volume of Leydig cells (VLc %), total volume of Leydig cells (TVLc × 10 12 μm 3 ), numbers of Leydig cells ×10 9 per testis and % intertubular tissue in the parenchyma of testis, were significantly (P<0.01) higher during the winter and spring seasons as compared to summer and autumn. However, % area occupied by the seminiferous tubules, % seminiferous tubule / interstitium, and the volume occupied by the seminiferous tubules and diameter of seminiferous tubules were recorded as significantly (P<0.01) higher during summer and autumn as compared to winter and spring seasons. Ultrastructural studies showed highly active Leydig and Sertoli cells during breeding season of camels (cytoplasm was having abundant and developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), more oval to elongate mitochondria and few fat droplets) and vice versa during the non-breeding season.
Loading...
Loading...

Similar Books

Loading...

Similar Chapters

Loading...

Similar News

Loading...

Similar Articles

Loading...

Similar Article Headings

Loading...

سماج اور سماج فہمی

سماج اور سماج فہمی
سماج
سماج لفظ سنسکرت زبان کے دو لفظوں سے مل کر بنا ہے۔"سم " اور "آج" سم کے معنی ہیں اکٹھا یا ایک ساتھ اور آج کے معنی ہیں رہنا۔یعنی سماج کے لغوی معنی ہیں ایک ساتھ رہنا۔ اس خیال سے جہاں افراد ایک جگہ جمع ہوجاتے ہیں وہیں سماج بن جاتا ہے۔انگریزی زبان میں معاشرے کے لئے سوسائٹی (society)کا لفظ استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔ عمرانیات میں افراد کے باہمی تانے بانے کو معاشرہ کہتے ہیں۔ عموماًمعاشرے سے مراد افراد کا گروہ لیا جاتا ہے۔
’’لفظ سماج کے لغوی معنی معاشرہ سوسائٹی ،انجم،حلقہ،ٹولہ، یا صف کے ہیں اور یہ سنسکرت زبان کا لفظ ہے۔‘‘(1)
عام فہم الفاظ میں تو تمام انسانوں ہی کا مجموعہ سماج کہلاتا ہے۔لیکن اگر کوئی یہ سوال اٹھانا شروع کر دے کہ انسان کیا ہے؟ تو پھر انسان اور سماج دونوں کے وجود پر سوال اٹھنا شروع ہو جاتے ہیں اور دونوں ہی پیچیدہ تر ہوتے چلے جاتے ہیں۔انسان صرف گوشت پوست کا لوتھڑا تو نہیں ہے۔ یہ ایک ایسا صاحب شعور اور صاحب نطق جانور ہے جو صرف ایک وجود نما نہیں ہے۔ بلکہ اس وجود کی بقا کے لئے تمام مادی، جغرافیائی اور مالیاتی نظام کا نام بھی ہے۔
اس تعریف کے مطابق کوئی انسان اس وقت تک مکمل انسان کہلاہی نہیں سکتا جب تک اسے اپنی بقا کے لئے تمام تر "معیاری"اور"مناسب ماحول" حاصل نہیں ہو جاتا۔ اب معیاری اور مناسب ماحول کیا ہوتا ہے؟ کیونکہ فطرت نے ہمیں اپنے جینے کے لئے کوئی نہ کوئی معیاری اور مناسب ماحول فراہم نہیں کیا۔ اس کے لئے انسان نے خود تگ و دو کی ہے۔اس لیے یہ اضافی صفات بن گئی ہیں۔
گروہ اور اجتماع اپنی سادہ شکل سے پیچیدہ شکل کی طرف سفر کرتے رہے ہیں ،اس لئے یہ"مناسب"اور "معیاری" رقابلی صفات بھی ہوتی گئیں۔ لوگوں...

Phase-dependent expression profiling and quantification of several growth factors in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy

Growth factors are the potential operational members which control different phases of liver regeneration. Different growth factors have expression regulation in the whole process relating to different phases of liver regeneration. Objective: To assess the expression regulation of different growth factors and cytokines involved in liver regeneration in a phase-dependent manner. Methods: Blood and liver samples were collected and analyzed on 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 14th postoperative days after 50% Partia hepatectomy (PHx). Results: Steady increase of liver regeneration rate was recorded from 90.8% (1st day) to 97.9% (7th day). Liver function tests further confirmed the steady liver recovery in PHx mice. Several growth factors such as HGF and VEGF exhibited an up-regulation till 5th day and later gradual decrease till 14th day compared to control mice. Albumin, CK18 and CK19 showed sequential expression increase from 1st to 14th day compared to AFP and HNF-4α upregulated until 5th and 1st day, respectively. Quantification of these growth factors further confirm our results. Conclusions: Conclusively, these results highlight a phase-dependent regulation and role of growth factors in liver regeneration and recovery

Family of Numerical Methods for the Solutions of Two Point Boundary-Value Problems Using Non-Polynomial Spline Functions

The research presented in this dissertation is aimed at the development of family of numerical solutions of Two Point Boundary-Value Problems (BVP) in all the branches of engineering sciences with higher precision. In such engineering related boundary-value problems the boundary conditions are specified at two points. The core of this dissertation is focused on the development of a new technique based on quartic non-polynomial spline functions, connecting spline functions values at "mid knots" for the numerical approximations to engineering BVPs and their corresponding values of the fourth-order derivatives. This new approach, which is recently being cited, is so developed that it leads to a family of numerical methods that may be used for computing approximations to the solution of a system of boundary-value problems of third and fourth-order associated with contact and sandwich beam problems. This research work is furthered on the development of a family of higher order numerical solutions to special non-linear third-order boundary-value problems. It is shown that the developed family of higher order methods gives better approximations in contrast to the existing numerical methods. It has further been shown that the existing second, fourth- order and higher order finite-difference and spline functions based methods become special cases of our new technique developed at mid knots presented in this dissertation. Results from the numerical experimentation of renowned problems are also given to illustrate applicability and efficiency of the newly developed family of numerical methods.