Round gourd (Praecitrullus fistulosus) belongs to family cucurbitaceae and is originated from India, whereas its cultivation in Asia has been documented since ancient ages. Praecitrullus fistulosus is recognized with different names in different languages worldwide as Tinda, Tendu, Kovaikkaai and round gourd in Telugu, Punjabi, Tamil and English, respectively. This vegetable crop is still considered a neglected one and not even a single study on constitutional diversity of this crop has been documented from Pakistan yet. Therefore, this research was carried out at vegetable research area and vegetable stress physiology lab, Institute of Horticultural Sciences (IHS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (UAF), for studying morphological and physiological attributes, Pomology Lab, IHS, UAF, for assessment of fruit mineral nutrition and Plant Genomics and Fingerprinting Laboratory, Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), UAF, to determine genetic diversity among round gourd accessions on the basis of genetic similarities and dissimilarities. Results of morphological characterization demonstrated high level of variation in quantitative as well as qualitative morphological characters in round gourd germplasm. Fruit yield/vine gave maximum standard deviation (672.69) and maximum observed fruit yield/vine was 3147.67 (kg/ha) which was recorded from accession 20428. Principle component analysis explained complete variation in seven components rather than twenty-six encountering 87.14 % variability among all round gourd accessions for all studied quantitative morphological traits. Cluster analysis categorized quantitative morphological variability as within accessions and between accessions and explained 14.72 % variability in within accessions and 85.28 % variability between accessions. From all studied qualitative variables, highest standard deviation value and coefficient of variation as 1.58 and 2.49, respectively was exhibited by seed color. Principle component analysis accumulated complete diversity exhibited by ten qualitative morphological traits in two main components. First component explained 36.78 % variability while second component explained 20.35 % variability, accounting 57.13 % cumulative variability. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering explained 50.58 % within class phenotypic variability and 49.42 % between classes. Among all studied physiological attributes, photosynthetic rate gave maximum value of standard deviation which was 10.90 and recorded data of photosynthetic rate demonstrated that maximum photosynthetic rate was 55.58 (μmol m-2 s-1) which was recorded from accession 20463. Principle component analysis explained complete variation in three components encountering total 73.75 % variability among all round gourd accessions for all studied physiological traits. Cluster analysis categorized physiological variability as within class and between classes which explained 69.55 % variability in within class and 30.45 % variability between classes. Among all studied minerals, potassium gave maximum value of standard deviation which was 13.62 and maximum amount of potassium was 77.80 (mg/g) which was recorded from accession 20463. Principle component analysis explained complete fruit mineral variation in three components encountering total 75.52 % variability among all round gourd accessions for all studied mineral contents. Cluster analysis categorized variability in fruit mineral contents as within class and between classes which explained 18.58 % variability in within class and 81.42 % variability between classes. Results of genetic diversity estimation clustered all studied accessions in four different classes. Class I and III ranked top due to containing maximum and equal number of accessions (eight each) and stood highly genetically diverse classes containing accessions 19237, 20481, 20441, 31228, 20296, 20229, 20463 and 30875, 20453, 20194, 32585, 20247, 20487, 20343, 20407, 20385 respectively. Class IV ranked second containing accessions 20415, 19239, 20277, 20305 and 20532. Furthermore, class II contained least number of accessions (4) including 20399, 20428, 31225 and 20215. The characterization presented in this research covering all aspects of round gourd crop can be utilized in breeding programs for the improvement of indigenous germplasm. The discoveries of this research should be beneficial for additional exploration, cultivation and conservation of this cucurbit crop.
موضوع5:ماخذ کا مفہوم، اہمیت اور اقسام ماخذ: ماخذ سے مراد وہ معاون کتاب ، سند، تقریر،تحریر، گفتگو جو مقالے کے لیے مواد یا معلومات فراہم کرے اور سند و ثبوت کا کام دے اور جس کی وجہ سے تحقیق مستند اور معیاری سمجھی جا سکے۔تحقیق کا بنیادی کام سچائی کی تلاش اور اس کی تصدیق ہے۔ زندگی کی سچائیاں بہت سے لوگوں پر عیاں ہوتی ہیں لیکن علم و ادب کے سارے حقائق تک رسائی کم ہی لوگوں کو ہوتی ہے۔محقق کا پہلا فرض ہے کہ وہ ان حقائق کو تلاش کرکے دوسروں پر ظاہر کرے۔ ادبی تحقیق کا زیادہ تر انحصار کتابوں پر ہوتا ہے اس لئے ادبی تحقیق میں دوسرا قدم ان تمام کتابوں یا تحریری مواد کی تلاش ہے جو موضوع تحقیق سے متعلق ہو ں۔ ماخذ کا اطلاق ان ذرائع پر ہوتا ہے جن سے کسی بھی زیرتحقیق موضوع کی تکمیل کیلئے مواد اخذ کیا جاتا ہے۔ ماخذ کو مصادر یا منابع یا مراجع بھی کہتے ہیں۔محققین نے ماخذ کے مفہوم کو یوں بیان کیا ہے : "ماخذ میں وہ کتابیں رسالے اور تحریریں شامل کی جاتی ہیں جن کا تعلق متن کی اساسیات سے ہوتا ہے، یعنی متن کے مختلف مخطوطے یا مطبوعہ نسخے جو اس کی تیاری، صحت اور تکمیل میں اساسی اہمیت رکھتے ہیں۔مصادر میں ان ماخذ بھی شامل کیا جاتا ہے جن سے مقدمہ اور حواشی کی ترتیب میں مدد لی گئی ہو۔مراجع میں ایسی کتب کا ذکر آ سکتا ہے جن سے توسیعی اور تفصیلی معلومات کی فراہمی میں مزید مدد مل سکتی ہو۔ سب سے پہلے قلمی ماخذ پھر قدیم مطبوعات اور آخر میں بیاضوں اور رسائل وغیر ہ کا تذکرہ ہوتا ہے۔ان سب کی فہرستیں علیحدہ علیحدہ تیار کی جاتی ہیں۔" ماخذ کی اہمیت: ماخذ خواہ بنیادی ہو یا ثانوی ان کی اہمیت مندرجہ ذیل نکات...
Terrorism is contentious issue. It has affected the lives of people across the country. This paper analyses the factors for incidence of terrorism in Karachi city which has great economic importance for country. The city represents all communities belonging to various parts of the country. Migration of people from other provinces has significally changed demographic profile of the city. This study presents statistics about various offences committed in Hyderabad and Karachi. It describes important facts about the militant groups involved in the acts of terrorism in Karachi. It has been argued in the study that in some cases the acts of violence were politically motivated and in other cases terrorism acts were sponsored by religious groups. In order to understand the complex phenomenon of terrorism in Karachi, this study investigates the root causes of terrorism including economic deprivation. In most cases marginal sections of society have been found involved in the acts of terrorism. Thus, this study creates need for social reforms, poverty alleviation and provision of quality education. Further capacity-building of Law Enforcement Agencies to cope with this situation has been emphasized in this study. This paper also recommends some proposals for dealing with the issue of terrorism.
The strong economy and stabilized politics of US and geostrategic location and independent foreign policy of Iran have made them dominate powers in world politics. Unfortunately, their regional contradictory policies have been affectingPakistan badly since Pakistan has been linked with both of them one way or the other. Most importantly, the post-Islamic Revolution period brought serious ambiguities in Pak-Iran-US triangle since Pakistan became a strategic partner of US in Afghanistan against Soviet intervention whereas Iran declared US a Great Devil. Meanwhile, the incident of siege of Makkah and Pakistan’s inclination towards Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) further caused disturbance in Pak-Iran relations since Iran consider the GCC a council against its ideology. The thesis highlights the involvement of US in the affair of South Asia and Iran and its direct effects on Pakistan after the Islamic Revolution of Iran. It is believed that terrorism, extremism and nuclearization pace in South Asia have created enough excuse for US to butt in the internal politics of South Asia where Pakistan has been witnessed in siding the policies of US whose impacts were directly felt on Pak-Iran relations. The thesis also highlights the questions why has Pakistan been unable to maintain its neutrality over either the Iran-US political conflict or Iran-Saudi ideological war. It is believed that the economic compulsion and destabilized politics of Pakistan led Pakistan to be indecisive over its foreign policies via-a-vis Iran. However, it ought to be noted that the geo-strategic convergence, identical ideology and regional common issues of Pakistan and Iran are certain areas of convergence which do not only bridge the political gap between Pakistan and Iran, they also greatly benefit Pakistan economically and strengthen its national security. Moreover, via Iran, Pakistan can suffice its energy requirement; suppress the extremism and insurgency in Balochistan since these are the common issues of both countries. More importantly, the successful materialization of Gwadar Port and full-fledged operation of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) are mainly depended upon the regional policies of Iran. Therefore, keeping the whole VI above factors, while formulating its regional and international policies, Pakistan has to take a great care of Iran, without harming the national interests of the US, Iran and Saudi Arabia. But, the historical economic dependency towards US and political instability of Pakistan made it extremely tough for Pakistan to create a balanced relationship between US, Iran and Saudi Arabia. So, thesis would give a way forward to Pakistan to escape from the direct conflict of US and Iran and maintain a balanced relationship between Iran and US. The thesis is qualitative in nature where the author has investigated and analyzed certain facts, ambiguities and major issues of US-Iran-Saudi triangle and their implications on the region generally and on Pakistan specifically. The involvement of Pakistan in the proxy war of US in 1980s, becoming the frontline state in war against terror, inclination towards Saudi Arabia after Islamic Revolution, entertaining US regional interests, no doubt, earned dollars for Pakistan, but, they badly enhanced the economic dependency of Pakistan, promoted sectarian violence in Pakistan, doubled terrorist activities in the region and more importantly, created ways for regional and international powers to intervene in the internal politics of Pakistan.