We initially screened 754 healthy individuals for anti-HCV, consisting of 415 females and 339 males, using cluster random sampling method. The overall active prevalence of HCV in apparently healthy individuals was found 19.2% (145 individuals) in the underprivileged population of Islamabad, Pakistan. We found higher prevalence in females as compare to males. Among the most common risk factors responsible for the transmission of HCV were history of caesarean section and piercing, low literacy rates, gender, marital status, risk from HCV infected individuals within the family, circumcision and previous history of dental surgery. We assessed the role of different factors, e.g. gender, age, IL28B (rs12979860) polymorphism and viral genotype that could affect the therapy response. We reported that only IL28B (rs12979860) had strong association with positive treatment outcomes. After six month of combined therapy of ribavirin and interferon, 20 patients were positive for HCV while 47 people cleared HCV RNA. The most dominant genotypes were HCV-3a (62.68%), followed by HCV-1a (26.86%) and untypable HCV (10.44%) genotype in underprivileged areas of Islamabad. CC (81.57%) was the most prevalent followed by CT (55.55%) and TT (9%) rarest polymorphism. Our study also included a unique case of multidrug resistant HCV patient. The patient was scrutinized for IL28B polymorphisms [rs12978960 (CT), rs8099917 (GT)] to discover the resistant nature of HCV to antiviral therapy. Several reports have shown mutations associated with resistance to modern antiviral like sofosbuvir. In addition, sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, molecular modelling and docking of NS3 protein was also carried out. In the present study, 3D structure of NS3 of HCV genotype 3a, isolated from infected patient, was reported for the first time. Keeping in view the importance of protein-inhibitor interactions, we successfully identified a potent inhibitor against NS3 model using molecular docking approach. Compound 1 predicted in the current study, showed high binding affinity against the modelled protein. Compound 1found binding inside the ATP binding site with few residues of helicase domain of NS3. It also developed hydrogen bond interactions unlike FDA approved (Telaprevir and Boceprevir) NS3 protease inhibitors. The study can serve as model to design dual antiviral inhibitors against other HCV genotypes in future.
مولانا محمد اسحاق سندیلوی ندوی مرحوم پاکستان سے یہ افسوسناک خبر بہت تاخیر سے ملی کہ مولانا محمد اسحق سندیلوی ندوی کا نوے ۹۰ سال کی عمر میں انتقال ہوگیا۔ اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ مولانا کی تعلیم مدرسہ فرقانیہ اور دارالعلوم ندوۃالعلماء میں ہوئی، عرصہ تک وہ دارالعلوم میں درس و تدریس کے فرائض انجام دیتے رہے، جب مولانا محمد اویس نگرامی ندوی، ندوہ کے شیخ التفسیر تھے اس وقت مولانا سندیلوی شیخ الحدیث تھے اور ان دونوں جید اساتذۂ فن کی موجودگی ندوہ میں قران السعدین کا منظر پیش کرتی تھی، وہ ندوہ کے مہتمم بھی رہے اور وہاں کی مجلس اشاعت اور تحقیقات شرعیہ کے ناظم بھی۔ درس و تدریس کے ساتھ ان کا تصنیفی ذوق اور تحریری مذاق اعلیٰ درجہ کا تھا، تاریخ وفقہ اسلامی پر ان کی نظر وسیع و عمیق تھی، ۱۹۴۷ء سے قبل مسلم لیگ کے ذمہ داروں کو خیال ہوا کہ متوقع اسلامی حکومت کا ایک قانون اساسی، اسلامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں مرتب کیا جائے تو اس کے لیے یو پی مسلم لیگ نے نظام اسلامی کے نام سے ایک مجلس کی تشکیل کی جس کے ارکان میں مولانا سید سلیمان ندوی، مولانا عبدالماجد دریا بادی، مولانا سید ابوالاعلیٰ مودودی اور مولانا آزاد سبحانی جیسے جید علماء شامل تھے، مجلس کے روح رواں حضرت سید صاحب کی جو ہر شناس نظر اس اسلامی قانون کے خاکہ و دستور کی ترتیب و تیاری کے لیے مولانا اسحق سندیلوی ہی پررکی، جنھوں نے بڑی خوش اسلوبی سے ایک ضخیم کتاب تیار کی جو بعد میں دارالمصنفین سے اسلام کا سیاسی نظام، کے نام سے شایع ہوکر مقبول ہوئی اس میں انہوں نے نظریہ خلافت، قانون، حکومت، خلیفہ، مجلس تشریعی، رعایا، بیت المال، افتا، احتساب، حرب و دفاع، صوبائی حکومتیں، خارجی معاملات پر دور جدید کے سیاق و سباق میں فاضلانہ بحث...
In a Social Studies, students' academic motivation and attitudes will be useful to their academic progress. If a student is enthusiastic about a subject, he or she will do better in class and learn faster. There have been a lot of studies that have looked into students' academic motivation and attitudes toward social studies, but there does not appear to be any study that focuses on the learners themselves. This quantitative study aims to determine the level of academic motivation as well as the attitude toward social studies of 458 secondary students from public schools using the Academic Motivation Scale High School Version and Secondary Students Attitudes Towards Social Studies Scale. It also looked at whether there was a significant difference in academic motivation and attitude toward social studies when respondents were sorted by gender. Finally, it investigates the link between academic motivation and attitude towards social studies. Students are found to be "highly motivated" in terms of academic motivation and have a “positive attitude” toward social studies, according to the findings. Furthermore, when respondents were divided into gender groups, no significant differences in academic motivation and attitude toward social studies were found. Finally, academic motivation and attitude toward social studies show a significant favorable relationship.
All around the world the number of automobiles has increased many folds (about ten times) in the last fifty years which resulted in an enormous increase in urban pollution level especially in developing countries. Pakistan has been considered as the most urbanized country in South East Asia with about 36% of Pakistan‟s total population is residing in towns & cities. It has been estimated that an average vehicle in Pakistan emits 20 times more unburned hydrocarbons (UHCs), 24 times as much carbon monoxide (CO) & about 3.6 times more oxides of nitrogen (NOx) when compared to an average vehicle in U.S. Furthermore the scarcity of conventional fuels also propelled the world to explore alternative fuel options with same or preferably less environmental implications. Natural gas is rated as high octane alternative fuel with octane rating of 120~130 and exhibiting clean burning characteristics. It is possible to attain increased efficiency from natural gas because of its high octane value with the increase of the compression ratio of the engine. Further the improved combustion efficiency of natural gas fuel also reduces the tail pipe pollutant emission. The focus of this research is to suggest the optimum compression ratio at which the performance of dedicated natural gas engine can be optimized. A 2.5 L Diesel Engine was selected and converted to run solely on natural gas as dedicated mode by incorporating spark plugs, electronic ignition control system, and CNG fuel metering system. Different piston sets were modified to obtain selected compression ratios. Based on the literature review, compression ratios were 11, 12, 13 & 14 had been selected. The temperature gauges were installed in the cooling water circuit and exhaust manifold to measure the water & exhaust gas temperatures. The engine was then tested on dynamometer for performance & exhaust emission. The readings of NOx, CO, UHCs at 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 rpm at selected compression ratios were taken by using 5-gas exhaust gas analyzer. For emission testing, steady-state test profile was generated. Exhaust gas temperatures were also recorded at different rpm settings at selected compression ratios. The results have been plotted and normalized by power. Based on the engine performance, the compression ratio of 13 has been selected as optimum compression ratio for dedicated CNG engine. For further reduction of engine exhaust emission Three-Way Catalytic simulation through Chemkin software has been carried out and the performance parameters were also predicted through simulation using single-zone thermodynamic model.