Pakistan hosts rich biodiversity including 42 species of genus Artemisia (Asteraceae) which are found in all phytogeographical regions of Pakistan. Current doctoral thesis reviews ethnobotany, morphology, leaf epidermal anatomy, palynology, phytogeography, molecular phylogeny and elemental diversity of this economically important vegetation. During ethnobotanical survey, it was found that these species (A. absinthium L., A. annua L., A. brevifolia Wall. ex DC., A. dracunculus L., A. dubia Wall. ex Besser, A. herba-alba Asso., A. japonica Thunb., A. maritima L. ex Hook.f., A. moorcroftiana Wall. ex DC., A. roxburghiana Wall. ex Besser, A. santolinifolia Turcz. ex Krasch., A. scoparia Waldst. and Kit. and A. vulgaris L.) are used by the indigenous population as fodder, food condiments, ornaments, fumigants and medicines. The morphology of this genus is complex and confusing. It is noted that the same species shows different forms under certain ecological conditions. Therefore, it was imperative to revise the morphology of the genus. 52 morphological characters of 42 taxa were selected for phylogenetic analysis of the genus and the resulted cladogram validated Artemisia as a monophyletic assemblage. Our data analysis envisages that the Seriphidium clade somehow over the years, under different climatic condition has evolved from Artemisia. Therefore, it is contended that it can be treated as a section of Artemisia instead of a separate genus. Micromorphology in 24 taxa was studied using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The glandular and nonglandular trichomes are classified into 16 main types. Among glandular trichomes, capitate glands had wild distribution on the both surfaces of leaves with notable variations. In case of non-glandular trichomes, T-shaped hairs are abundant. LM and SEM observation data have identified six stomata types. Leaf epidermal cells have shown variations in their shape and size on abaxial and adaxial surfaces. From this study and information already available in the literature suggests that leaf epidermal features are valuable taxonomic traits and can be utilized to address the taxonomic issues within Artemisia genus. The palynological study of 22 taxa has reveled that pollen grains of Artemisia are tricolporate showing globular symmetry (3-lobed round in polar view and ellipsoid ball shaped in equatorial view) which are marked by reduced spinules on their surfaces. Eight morphological characters (pollen shape, spinules arrangement, exine sculpture, spinules base, polar length, equatorial width, exine thickness and colpus width) of pollen grains were subjected to cluster analysis (CA) which divided Artemisia species into five groups. Our SEM studies have supported the notion that the presence of spinules is a diagnostic feature for Artemisia limb of tribe Anthemideae of family Asteraceae. The phylogenetic analysis of pollen traits is indicative of evolutionary associations among four classical sections of the Artemisia and confirms the reunion of genus Seriphidum with Artemisia. The molecular studies using internally transcribed spacer (ITS) and externally transcribed spacer (ETS) sequences of nuclear ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (nrDNA) were conducted to know the phylogeny of 26 local species. The molecular data has verified first time that western Himalayan Artemisia species are the distant migrants from the neighboring areas. Current research further confirms the phylogenetic relationships of Seriphidium with Artemisia which has established in the evolution of both. Therefore, genus Seriphidium must be considered as a section of genus Artemisia. This research also has revealed that section Artemisia is polyphyletic in origin. Elemental composition of 17 indigenous species of Artemisia was determined for the first time using atomic absorption spectrophotometery. Investigated elements include nine trace elements (Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, Cd, Pb, Mn, and Fe) and four major elements (K, Na, Ca and Mg). Eight Artemisia species had concentrations of heavy metals above limits as recommended by the International Safety Standard. Cluster analysis (CA) and Principal Component analysis (PCA) of elemental data suggests two groups of Artemisia species.
مولانا قطب الدین عبدالوالی داغ فراق صحبتِ شب کی جلی ہوئی اک شمع رہ گئی تھی سو وہ بھی خموش ہے افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ ہفتہ فرنگی محل لکھنؤ کی ایک محبوب شخصیت اور عریز یادگار اٹھ گئی اور ۲۹ شعبان کو مولانا قطب الدین عبدالوالی نے اس دارفانی کو الوداع کہا، وہ مولانا عبدالباری مرحوم کے بھتیجے، وداماد اور جانشین تھے، ان کی ذات میں ان کے اسلاف کرام کی بہت سی خوبیاں جمع تھیں تعلیم کی تحصیل و تکمیل مدرسہ نظامیہ میں اور اپنے محترم چچا سے کی تھی، اس کے بعد کچھ دنوں تک مدرسہ نظامیہ میں درس و تعلیم کی خدمت انجام دی پھر تحریک خلافت کے زمانہ میں جب فرنگی محل مسلمانوں کی قومی و ملی جدوجہد کا مرکز بنا، تو قطب میاں بھی اس میں شریک ہوگئے، اور خلافت کی تحریک میں نمایاں حصہ لیا، وہ اودھ خلافت کمیٹی کے صدر تھے، اسی زمانہ میں انھوں نے جمعیۃ العلماء کے بعض اجلاسوں کی بھی صدارت کی، مولانا عبدالباری مرحوم کی وفات کے بعد انجمن خدام الحرمین کے صدر ہوگئے، اور مسلمانوں کے قومی و ملی کاموں میں بھی وقتاً فوقتاً حصہ لیتے رہے، مگر ادھر چند سال سے سیاسی تغیرات اور ملک کے حالات کی وجہ سے سیاست سے کنارہ کش ہوگئے تھے، اور تھوڑے دنوں سے صحت کی خرابی کی بنا پر بالکل خانہ نشینی کی زندگی اختیار کرلی تھی۔ ان کی ذات بہت سی اخلاقی خوبیوں کی حامل تھی، اور قدیم خاندانی روایات تو انہی کے دم سے قائم تھیں اخلاق و شرافت فیاضی و مہمان نوازی قدامت و وضعداری خاندانی تعلقات کے لحاظ و احترام وغیرہ میں اپنے بزرگوں کے نقش قدم پر تھے، اور ان میں مولانا عبدالباری مرحوم کی فقیرانہ شان امارت کے جلوے نظر آتے تھے، خاندانی سجادہ انہی کے دم سے آباد تھا مگر...
The status, empowerment and dignity of woman in Islam is the crucial topic in the modern times. According to Islamic point of view, men and women have been created from a one soul. The main difference between them lies in the physical structure. A woman has to bring up, train and look after kids, which is the complicated task to civilize a nation. The issue of woman`s activities in Islam, is misunderstood and distorted due to misreporting of western media and misbehavior of some Muslim families. There is a large number of women scholars in Islamic history, Dr. Akram Nadwi has compiled the biographies of ten thousand female scholars in his commendable book of forty volumes. In educational system of Islam, a woman is completely free to perform educational activities for development of her nation. In social system of Islam, a woman is honored as mother, as daughter, as sister and as wife. The first converter to Islam was a woman, “Hazrat Khadijah (R.A)”. Hazrat Ayesha (R.A) was great scholar who reported many traditions from Holy Prophet( SAW). Many female Companions of Holy prophet( SAW) have performed great deeds even in the field of battlefield. There is a strong basis in Islamic history for women`s participation in positiveand constructive activities in every walk of life. Muslim women are allowed to perform research, educational, national, religious, social, and financial and other constructive activities. In this research paper, Islamic overview has been described upon positive and constructive activities of women in the light of Islamic teachings.
The present study was planned to investigate the effect of agronomic practices on the yield and quality of forage sorghum under rainfed condition, in an effort to strengthen livestock industry in dry areas of the country, and to improve the livelihood of rural masses. The study comprised of two field and two greenhouse experiments. In the first field experiment, three sorghum cultivars, viz., JS-2002, Chakwal sorghum and Local sorghum (check) were sown with three seeding rates (75, 100 and 125 kg ha -1 ) and three nitrogen levels (0, 60 and 120 kg ha -1 ) following RCBD split- split plot design in three replications, during the years 2008 and 2009. Sorghum cultivar JS-2002 performed better with regard to morphology, yield and quality traits as compared to other cultivars. The cultivar JS-2002 also had low hydrocyanic acid (HCN) content at pre-booting, booting as well as 50% heading stage during both years of study. Increasing the nitrogen rate had a positive impact on forage yield as well as quality traits except neutral detergent fibre. HCN increases with the increase of nitrogen levels. The increase of HCN content was 38 and 63% higher with the application of nitrogen at 60 and 120 kg ha -1 when compared with control treatment. Increase in seed rate resulted in an increase in forage yield, while inverse relationships with quality traits were recorded. Second field experiment comprised of three levels of phosphorus (0, 30 and 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 ), in combination with three levels of sulphur (0, 20 and 40 kg SO 4 ha -1 ), which were tested at three harvest times (35, 45 and 55 DAE). At different growth xxxstages, morphological, functional growth, yield and quality traits were assessed. The combined effect of delayed harvest, P and S fertilization on sorghum seemed to have significantly increased forage longevity and succulence under rainfed conditions. A third pot experiment was conducted using three sorghum cultivars with three soil moisture levels (30, 50 and 70 percent field capacity) to examine the response of forage sorghum cultivars. Three cultivars significantly differed in their response to moisture. At low moisture (30% FC), they showed very similar crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, specific leaf area, leaf succulence, root and shoot dry weight at harvest. Conversely, at high moisture (70% FC) JS-2002 showed a higher potential than Chakwal sorghum, which in turn surpassed local sorghum. The HCN content was considerably reduced with the progressive increase in soil moisture level and with the advancement of crop growth stage. Local sorghum also showed a higher yield response factor to water, meaning a stronger yield decrease under water deficit. The fourth and last experiment consist of a glasshouse study, carried out in the Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy. The three genotypes (JS-2002, Trudan-8 and Local sorghum) significantly differed under different water regimes with regard to bio-physical, gas exchange, water relation and growth measurements. The cv. JS-2002 proved superior to the other two genotypes in terms of number of leaves, stem diameter, relative water content, leaf area and leaf dry weight, although the hybrid Trudan-8 gave better results for plant height, number of tillers, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, SPAD chlorophyll content, stem dry weight and specific leaf area; while chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf water potential and osmotic potential values were found higher in local sorghum. Bio-physical, gas xxxiexchanges, water relation and growth traits were significantly greater at higher water regime compared to the lower water regime. On the basis of field and glasshouse studies, it is recommended that the livestock producers should be encouraged to use seed of approved cultivars (e.g., JS- 2002) instead of old local races. Beside the agronomic benefits, the approved cultivars possess lower HCN content and thus are safe to feed livestock under dryland conditions. Delayed harvesting will produce safe and good quality feed for livestock. Application of nitrogen fertilizer @ 120 kg ha -1 although enhanced the yield as well as quality of sorghum fodder but the livestock producers are warned to use sorghum forage carefully before at booting stage because of high HCN content.