This dissertation elucidates first comprehensive attempt on morphological and molecular phylogenetic investigation of mushrooms of district Swat, a floristically rich and diverse Hindu Kush region of Pakistan. District Swat is an area of diverse vegetation and ecosystem types. For exploring mycobiotic diversity of the area field surveys were conducted from 2012–2015 during rainy seasons for collection and documentation of mushrooms. More than 300 fruiting bodies of mushrooms were collected and preserved from the study area. Among the collected mushrooms, 100 samples were subjected to DNA analysis. A total of 63 out of 100 specimens amplified successfully during Polymerase Chain Reaction, while only 46 among the amplified ones yielded editable nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences which were further subjected to morphological and molecular biosystematics studies. Sum of 46 taxa belonging to 26 genera (15 families) are described in this work. Mushroom families like Strophariaceae and Russulaceae owe their leading positions by forming major assemblages of 6 species each in 3 genera and 1 genus, respectively. The Second largest family stands to be Inocybaceae with 5 species in 1 genus, followed by Amanitaceae, Mycenaceae and Tricholomataceae with 4 species each in 1, 2 and 4 genera respectively. Assemblages of 3 species each is revealed by Agaricaceae in 3 genera, Cortinareace in 1 genus and Marasmiaceae in 2 genera each. Hygrophoraceae and Boletaceae are represented by 2 species and 2 genera each, whereas, Bolbitiace, Hymenogastraceae, Pleurotaceae and Auriscalpiaceae are represented by 1 species each. Out of these 2 species viz Xerocomellus fulvus Ahmad and Jabeen 2016 and Inocybe kohistanensis Jabeen and Ahmad 2016 are new to science whereas 21 species viz Amanita aurumana nom. prov., Amanita longiformis nom. prov., Amanita superiora nom. prov., Cortinarius kohistanicus nom. prov., Gymnopus subcampanulatus nom. prov., Hygrocybe decoriae nom. prov., Inocybe Swatica nom. prov., Lentinellus horridus nom. prov., Lepiota granulata nom. prov., Macrocystidia obscurum nom. prov., Mycena bractea nom. prov., Mycena lacerata nom. prov., Phachylepyrium kalamicum nom. prov., Pholiota lanceolata nom. prov., Pholiota manga nom. prov. and Pseudoomphalina conifera nom. prov. Russula kalamica nom. prov., Russula deodara nom. prov., Russula umbra nom. prov., Russula mankialica nom. prov. and Xeromphalina flavens nom. prov., seems previously undescribed. Twenty species are new reports for Swat among which 8 species viz; Cortinarius cistoglaucopus, Cortinarius elegantior, Gymnopus barbipes, Inocybe mimica, Lepista irina Leucocalocybe mongolicum var. perpura, Pholiota gummosa and Russula puellaris are new records for Pakistan. Twelve species viz Amanita flavipes, Boletus reticuloceps, Clitocybe gibba, Conocybe semiglobata var. campanulata, Cyclocybe erebia, Echinoderma asperum, Hebeloma theobrominum, Hygrophorus chrysodon, Inocybe rimosa, Leucocoprinus cretaceous, Pleurotus ostreatus and Russula sichuanensis are already reported from Pakistan, Whereas 3 species viz Inocybe pallida, Mycena pura and Pholiota spumosa are already reported from Swat Pakistan. This first attempt to explore the floristically rich area of District Swat for morphological and molecular phylogenetic assessment of Mushrooms has not only upgraded the existing information/literature regarding the Mushrooms of Pakistan but has also established a standard bench mark for future research endeavors. The existence of 50 % species new to science in the region indicates that more concerted fungal assessment of the diverse floral region like District Swat is compulsory on urgent basis so that the rapidly growing taxonomic knowledge of fungal biodiversity could be boosted locally and globally for its application in food industry and forestry.
آہ! فرزند حبیب شبلی قفانبک من ذکریٰ حبیب و منزل نواب الحاج مولوی عبیدالرحمن خان شروانی کئی برس سے علیل تھے۔ ان کی زندگی کے معمولات میں فرق آگیا تھا، کمیٹیوں میں شرکت کے لیے سفر سے معذور ہوگئے تھے۔ بڑھاپے اور عمر طبعی کو پہنچ جانے کی وجہ سے ضعف و نقاہت میں اضافہ ہورہا تھا۔ راقم کو گذشتہ سال دو بار عیادت و زیارت کی سعادت میسر آئی تھی۔ اور دونوں دفعہ بڑھتی ہوئی کمزوری اور معذوری کو دیکھ کر خیال ہوا تھا کہ یہ چراغ سحر بجھا ہی چاہتا ہے۔ بالآخر ۸؍ مئی کو صاحبزادہ والاتبار پروفیسر ریاض الرحمن خان شروانی کے تار سے یہ المناک خبر آہی گئی جس نے پھر اس ارشاد ربانی کی ایک بار تصدیق و توثیق کردی کہ کل من علیھا فان[الرحمن: ۲۶]۔ دارالمصنفین کی بنا و تاسیس میں علامہ شبلیؒ اور ان کے متعدد اعزہ کی طرح نواب مولوی عبیدالرحمن خان شروانی کے خاندان کا بھی بڑاحصہ تھا۔ ان کے والد ماجد نواب صدر یار جنگ بہادر مولانا حبیب الرحمن خان شروانی مرحوم علامہ شبلی کے حبیب لبیب تھے۔ جب علامہ کے دل و دماغ پر دارالمصنفین ہی کا خیال چھایا رہتا تھا تو اس کے متعلق سب سے زیادہ انھی سے مراسلت و مکاتبت رہتی تھی۔ علامہ شبلی کی وفات کے بعد یہی رابط و تعلق دارالمصنفین کی جانب منتقل ہوگیا تھا جس کے مدۃ العمر وہ رکن رکین اور صدر نشین رہے، دارالمصنفین کے پہلے صدر جسٹس مولوی کرامت حسین اور دوسرے نواب عماد الملک اور تیسرے مولانا حبیب الرحمن خاں شروانی ہوئے، مولانا حمیدالدین فراہی کی وفات کے بعد ۱۹۳۱ء میں وہی اس کی مجلس ارکان کے بھی صدر بنے، دوسروں سے علامہ کے تعلقات میں اتار چڑھاؤ ہوتا رہا لیکن ایک نواب صدر یار جنگ ہی کی ایسی ذات تھی جن سے عمر بھر...
Human cloning has emerged as a new and innovative technology in the reproductive and therapeutic science in the recent past. So far it has not been practiced over human beings but owing to its huge potential and possible scope, it has attracted the attention of not only the masses (particularly the infertile couples and LGBTQs etc) but the other stakeholders including the religious scholars from worlds’ prominent religions have given their views on this technology in order to guide their followers. This paper examines and reviews the religious points of view on human cloning. For this purpose, three Semitic religions in the world i-e Judaism, Christianity, and Islām have been examined. As far as Islam is concerned, this portion has been divided into two broad sections elaborating the Shī‘ah and Sunnī schools’ opinions. Being an innovative topic, the religious teachings do not address it directly hence the injunctions related to the reproduction are most relevant to it. Three Semitic religions have been examined from the perspective of admissibility or non-admissibility of human cloning, the rationale behind the verdict on human cloning and the possible solutions to the issues and problems faced by the followers in the case of acceptance or rejection of this biomedical technology. Most of the religions emphasize over adaptability of the natural mode of reproduction only, where male and female genders contribute to the reproductive cycle. The Semitic religions reject the reproductive cloning generally. The religious experts need to conduct more focused and updated research before coming to any conclusion about the permissibility or non-permissibility of this technique.
This study is based on the investigation of the process of implementation of an integrated curriculum. The fieldwork for the study was done in one of the private school Karachi, Pakistan. A total of seven participants and three classrooms for observations were included in this study. Interviews, observations and document analysis were the major tools for collecting data. As a result of the qualitative analysis of the data, the study has come up with some major findings. Some of the findings relate well with the literature and some tend to go in a different direction. In the present context of the school, the concept of integrated curriculum is not clear in the minds of the teachers. Teachers say they use activities and do practical work to teach our children but observation has shown it is difficult for them to do practical work. They are using teacher-directed method in the classroom. It is difficult for a single teacher to manage practical work. The activities are mostly paper-pencil work. Teaching through integrated curriculum is a difficult task in the Pakistani context, where teachers are transmitting knowledge to the children. Teachers need to be given the clear understanding of the task and its objectives; otherwise the implementation will not be successful. For successful implementation the whole staff in the school, especially the teachers, needs to be involved. Without their involvement it is difficult to de design/plan a curriculum, where children are given more opportunities to participate in the class rather than teachers doing everything. For an integrated curriculum teachers see at the needs and interest of the child and select the themes for their study. In the present practice, the curriculum manual has been given to the teachers to follow exactly as it is with activities as well, no teacher involvement has occurred. Teaching through an integrated curriculum requires teachers to play different roles such as a facilitator, a planner and a guide. But the present situation in the school shows the teacher to be a dictator. Classes are teacher-centered instead of being child-centered. Teacher's role needs to guide and help children whenever they are in need rather than simply giving instructions. There are some challenges as well that the school is facing. The major challenge is assessment in an integrated curriculum. The school is struggling as to how to do t assessment. They were doing daily assessments two years back when they