ہیومنزم کے نظریہ پر تنقید و تحقیق: اسلام کی روشنی میں

Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that empha-sizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. Humanism as a philosophy today can be as little as a perspective on life or as much as an entire way of life; the common feature is that it is always focused primarily on human needs and interests. Humanism is a rational philosophy informed by science, inspired by art, and motivated by compassion. Humanism derives the goals of life from human need and interest rather than from theological or ideological abstractions, and asserts that humanity must take responsibility for its own destiny. Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethics based on human and other natural values in a spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. It is not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality. Islam rejects the basic philosophical premise that humans rather than God are the measure of all things and that all intrinsic moral values are derived from human desires and needs. Islam, like other Semitic religions, teaches that God is the ultimate source of all moral values. Humanistic psych-ology concepts are too vague. Critics argue that subjective ideas such as authentic and real experiences are difficult to objectify; an experience that is real for one individual may not be real for another person. For this reason, critics believe that conclusions drawn from subjective experiences are almost impossible to verify, making research in humanistic psych-ology unreliable. In addition, critics claim that humanistic psychology is not a true science because it involves too much common sense and not enough objectivity.

Comparative Study of General Zia-Il-Haq and Pervez Musharraf Regime With Special Focus on Political and Constitution Activities.

The research work “Comparative Study of Domestic Politics of General Zia-ul-Haq and General Pervez Musharraf Regime with Special Focus on Political and Constitutional Activities” related with the crucial political history of Pakistan. This era focus on political and constitutional activities of the two military dictators from 1977-88 and 1999-2008 in Pakistan. The thesis consists of eight chapters, and the first chapter covers the evaluation of constitutional and political history of the world. It further contains the opinion of the renowned scholars of the world about the constitutional development with reference to the Indian Subcontinent. Moreover, the political and constitutional development in Pakistan has discussed comprehensively from 1947-77. The second chapter focused on the political ambitions of the General Zia-ul-Haq, that how he seized the power through the “Operation Fair Play” and prolonged Martial Law in the name of accountability. Zia-ul-Haq postponed the General Elections very smartly and swiftly, although, he has promised the nation to held the elections after ninety days. The need of Local Bodies Election in 1979 and 1983, instead of General Elections are also discussed in this chapter. Further, discussed the PCO launched to sabotage the Judiciary by which Zia-ul-Haq sacked all seniors Judges of Supreme Court, who were thereat for him. The third chapter focused on the political strategies of Zia-ul-Haq, that why he designed a fake Federal Assembly (Majlis-e-Shoora) with combination of different experts and low political profile personalities. In this chapter it discussed thoroughly that why Ziaul-Haq holds a referendum and elected himself as President of the Pakistan. Further, the General Election of 1985 has discussed with its dire need for Zia-ul-Haq. The details of 8th. Amendment and the lifting the Martial Law with its political background is the essential part of the chapter. The fourth chapter focused the 4th Martial Law in Pakistan by General Pervez Musharraf on October 12, 1999. It consists of the background of the tassel between Prime Minister and the COAS. The Kargil issue has discussed in detail, which become the basic cause of Martial Law. In this chapter, it discussed thoroughly that why Nawaz Sharif exercised the constitutional authority to remove the COAS and how the PakArmy retaliates in respond. The “Operation Solidarity”, seven point agenda and the PCO of Pervez Musharraf are discussed in detail. Moreover, the Devolution Plan is the major part of this chapter. The fifth chapter focused on the Musharraf era (2002-08), especially the political and constitutional development in the country. Like the past, the repetition of the Referendum, the making of Legal Frame Work Order (LFO2002), to hold the General Election according to LFO, the 17th Amendment in the constitution is the major topics discussed in this chapter. Moreover, the Judicial Crisis on March 2007, and Musharraf’s mini Martial Law of November 2007, is the essential part of this chapter. The sixth and the seventh chapter consist of the reaction of both the military dictators. In these chapters, the compliments and the criticism of the politicians and the political parties had been presented. Moreover, in this chapter the opinion of the legal experts has recorded according to the law. The analysis of the journalists is the essential part of these chapters. The eighth chapter consists of the conclusion and the final summary of the dissertation. An analytical views and suggestions are also the part of the conclusion.