كلمة الشكر و التقدیر
الحمد ﷲ ربّ العالمین والصلاۃ والسلام علیٰ أشرف الأنبیاء والمرسلین نبینا وحبیبنا محمد النبي الصادق الأمین وعلی آلہِ وأصحابہِ وأزواجہِ والتابعین ومن تبعھم بإحسان إلی یومِ الدِّین،......... أما بعد:
مع شکري وتقدیري واحترامي العظيم أسطر ھذہِ الکلمات المتواضعۃ لأساتذتي الذین ساھموا معي لإنجاز ھذا العمل۔
أولاً، بعد اﷲ سبحانہ وتعالی یشرفني ویسعدني أن أقدم الشکر الجزیل إلی الشخص المثالي صاحب العزۃ والمقامۃ وصاحب المکانۃ المرموقۃ والمرتبۃ العالیۃ العالم الكبير والفاضل والإنسان النبيل الأستاذ الدکتور سلیم طارق خان المحترم رئیس الجامعۃ(سابقاً)، الجامعۃ الإسلامیہ ببھاولفور وهوكان المشرف علی رسالتي(رسالة الدكتوراة) وهو شعر نازك الملائكة وبروين شاكر(دراسة مقارنة)، ولو لا فضلہ وإحسانہ ومعاونتہ لي بعد اﷲ سبحانہ وتعالی لما استطعت أن أنجز ھذا العمل ، لقد استفدتُ من علمہِ وإرشاداتہِ وخبراتہِ في کل خطوۃ من الخطوات وفي کل لحظۃ من اللحظات لصالح ھذا الكتاب۔ فھو الإنسان الذي یستحق کل التقدیر وقد شجعني لكتابة وطبع هذا الكتاب وأدعو لہ من ﷲ عزوجل أن یعطیہِ المزید من التقدم والنجاح في الدارین، و قد حصل سيادتهُ على المناصب العالية، رئيس قسم اللغة العربية (سابقاً)، وعميد الكلية (سابقاً)، ثم رئيس الجامعة الإسلامية ببهاولفور(سابقاً)، ولسيادتهِ الكثير من المؤلفات والمقالات وقدَّم الكثير من الخدمات للعلم واللغة العربية.
كما يشرفني ويسعدني ان أقدم بكل إحترامي وتقديري خالص الشكر والتقدير لصاحب المكانة العالية للعالم الجليل والأستاذ الكبير والإنسان العظيم الذي كلهُ عِلم وخبرة وتواضع وله مكانة مرموقة بين العلم والعلماء وفضيلته قام بدراسة ومراجعة الكتاب وأضاف الكثير من أفكاره وكلماته العظيمة في المقدمة و أيضاً قام فضيلته بتقديم التقريظ الممتاز، فسيادته قام بإعطاء الوقت الكافي لكتابي المتواضع ولا أستطيع أُلخص جُهودهُ العظيمة في أسطر قليلة، وهو الأستاذ الفاضل الدكتور المحترم إبراهيم محمد إبراهيم السيد من مواليد دولة المصر العربية مصري الجنسية والحاصل على الدكتوراه في اللغة...
Sufism is the heart of Islam. It is attached with Islam as the human soul is woven within the body. Sufis have always been the center of Muslim society, especially; in the sub-continent, they have firmly imprinted their marks in every sphere of life. Various mystic traditions as Naqshbandi, Chishti, Qadri etc. Are commonly known in India and Pakistan. This study explores the great Sufi, Hakim Mohammad Akhtar, for his unprecedented services in the field of mystic practices, poetry and Islamic literature. In the initial part of the study, his family background and educational account have been described which show that not only he was a passionate follower of mystic legacy from an early age but a true stalwart of Islam. The historical account of Hakim Akhtar reveals that he was a staunch devotee of Molana Rome which resulted in the form of his famous book "Maarif-e-Masnawi". In the latter part of the study, his character and work are unveiled in a chronological order. As the follower of Sufi tradition, Hakim Akhtar was against personal glorification. Through this research study, some astonishing hidden aspects of his life have been discovered which will help his disciples and devotees to follow the path of their mentor perfectly.
English, being an international lingua franca, has been given a great importance in Pakistan at local and national level. It has been taught as a secondary language in the form of compulsory subject in most of the institutions right from class one. Effective teaching learning of English reading mostly depends upon learners’ reading attitude, teaching techniques related to reading and reading assessment practices. The basic objective of the study was to explore the perceptions of teachers and students towards teaching techniques, assessment practices and learners’ reading attitude. Furthermore, the study aims to measure the effect of learners’ reading attitude, teaching techniques and assessment practices related to reading on learners’ performance in English subject at higher secondary school level in Pakistan. The students and teachers of higher secondary schools (Class-XI & XII) represented as the population. However, the target population was delimited to Hyderabad. The random stratified sampling technique was used for the selection of twenty six teachers and five hundred thirty students as a sample from target population. The survey method, including questionnaire, interview and observation checklist tools, was used for data collection. It was found that learners’ reading attitude, reading assessment practices and teaching techniques related to English reading were very strongly correlated to learners’ performance in English subject. Any improvement in teaching techniques, assessment practices and learners’ reading attitude towards the English as subject leads to enhance the performance of students in English subject. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the perception of students and teachers regarding learners’ reading attitude, reading assessment practices and teaching techniques for reading skills. However, the teachers and students showed their dissatisfaction with learners’ reading attitude, reading assessment practices and teaching techniques related to reading. The teachers of higher secondary schools were incapable to use latest teaching techniques and assessment strategies. They rarely used modern audio visual aids like multi-media, computers and projectors in the classroom teaching and assessment. They used only old, ineffective and conventional teaching techniques and assessment strategies in their teaching learning of English reading. They were not capable to develop or use technology based tests for assessment of reading. Besides, they focused less on development of reading skills but merely tried to complete the course so that students may pass the examination. Teachers’ only aim was to help students get through the annual examination. As a result, the students paid more attention on examination and less attention on reading skill. It was recommended that reading skills ought to be treated as integral part of the subject while evaluating learners’ skills of English as subject; it should be assessed and marked under a separate section within the exam paper. The teachers should be given proper training time to time to enable them to use latest teaching techniques and assessment strategies. Rather than to complete the course from examination point of view, the teachers should focus on development of reading skills. Latest audio visual aids including multi-media, projectors and computers should be used in teaching and assessing reading proficiency. A well developed reading assessment system equipped with modern technology should be established and reading progress chart of every student should be maintained accordingly for the attraction of students towards reading. In order to cultivate reading habit, the motivation of learners should be kept at the top priority. The teachers should observe, point out and get the reading problems of students solved. They should support and encourage the struggling students in this regard.