خلیج نغمہ
غروب آفتاب کے بعد ہم بس میں سوار ہوئے تو رہبر نے عربی زبان میں اعلان کیا کہ اب ہم خلیج نغمہ جائیں گے ۔کچھ دیر کی مسافت کے بعد ہم خلیج نغمہ کے ایک پر رونق بازار میں تھے ۔خلیج سویز کے کنارے آباد اس خوبصورت قصبے میں عیش و نشاط کے سارے سامان میسر تھے ۔یہاں کسینو ،مساج سنٹراور شراب خانوں کے ساتھ ساتھ ایسے متعدد ہوٹل بھی ہیں جہاں حلال خوراک اور سمندری غذائوں پر مشتمل کھانے دستیاب ہیں ۔ ہوٹلوں کے کارکن گاہکوں کو اپنی طرف راغب کر نے کے نت نئے طریقے اور سلیقے اپنائے ہوئے تھے ۔دکانیں فرعونی تہذیب سے منسلک اشیا ء میں فرعونی مجسموں کی بھرمار تھی ۔قلو پطرہ اور نفرتیتی کے مجسمے کچھ زیادہ ہی تعداد میں تھے جبکہ ابوالھول کے مجسمے تو چوراہوں میں بھی لگے تھے ۔ابوالھول اور قلو پطرہ کے ناموں سے مجھے واقفیت تھی مگر نفرتیتی میرے لیے بالکل نیا نام تھا ۔دکتور محمد علی کہ نفرتیتی فرعون بادشاہ اخناتون کی بیو ی تھی جو بہت حسین و جمیل اور امورِ حکمرانی کا فہم رکھنے والی خاتون تھی ۔مذہب کے حوالے سے بھی اس کی شہرت باقی فرعونی ملکائوں سے مختلف ہے ۔ اخناتون نے جب مذہب تبدیل کیا اور آمون کے خدائوںسے انکار کر کے خدائے یکتا پر ایمان کا اعلان کیا تونفرتیتی نے بھی ان کا بھرپور ساتھ دیا۔تاریخ نفرتیتی کی خوبصورتی کے ساتھ ساتھ اس کے ایک اورعمل سے بھی پردہ اٹھاتی ہے ۔کہا جاتا ہے کہ چشمِ غزال اور دلکش خدو خال رکھنے والی نفرتیتی جنسی عمل میں نت نئے انداز اپنانے کے لیے بھی شہرت رکھتی تھی ۔فرعونیات کے ماہرین کے مطابق دنیا میں ’’اور ل سیکس ‘‘دہن لذتی کی ابتدا ء اس خاتون سے ثابت ہے ۔کہا جاتا ہے کہ اس کے حنوط...
The paper sets out to discuss impact of socio-cultural barriers on social empowerment of rural women in term of decision making related to their personal as well as social life in Sahiwal division. Pakistan is a patriarchal society characterized by patri-local residence and exclusion of women from the right of inheritance and succession, which pave ways for male-headed society. In addition, socio-cultural factors strongly favour male-dominance and an inferior status of females in all walks of life. A quantitative approach was adopted for carrying out current study. A survey instrument was designed and employed for data collection from 384 respondents from rural areas of Sahiwal division. The findings of the study revealed that less than one third (31.25%) of the respondents were consulted in decision-making about domestic matters. Likewise, more than half (51.8%) of the respondents were not independent in moving out of home for meeting any social need. Similarly, more than one third (41.4%) of the respondents were not free to visit their friends in the neighborhood. The study concludes that women in the rural areas are less empowered and still suffering socially, economically and psychologically in their day to day life. The study provides an insight for professional social workers, policy makers and stakeholders in public and private sectors for influencing policy-making and planning for revisiting and redesigning existing policies and plans intended for empowerment of rural women in Pakistan
The present study deals with the isolation and optimization of lipase production from the new isolates of Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus and their application in the biodiesel production by using non-conventional feed stock. The isolation of lipase producing fungal and bacterial strains was carried out from the local habitats. Maximum lipase activity was achieved by using Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus when the culture media were supplemented with 1.0% and 1.5% olive oil, respectively. The culture media M6 and BM4 gave maximum lipase activity for Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus, respectively. Highest lipase yield by Aspergillus terreus was achieved after 72 hrs of incubation at 30oC at a pH of 6.0 while highest lipase activity by Bacillus pumilus was achieved after 48 hrs of incubation at 37oC at a pH of 7.5. Maximum lipase activity by Bacillus pumilus was achieved when 1.5% peptone and 1.0% glucose were used as nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively while Aspergillus terreus gave maximum lipase activity by using 1.0% peptone and 2.0% glucose as nitrogen and carbon sources. The partial purification of Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus lipases was achieved at 80% and 60% ammonium sulphate saturations while further purification of microbial lipases was carried out by using Anion exchange and cation exchange chromatography for Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus lipases, respectively and the purification folds of 2.600 and 1.835 were achieved, respectively. The Lewatit VPOC 1600 (Lanxess, Germany) was proved to be the best support for the immobilization of microbial lipases with the coupling yields of 76.220% and 89.731% for Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus, respectively. These microbial lipases were then used as catalysts with different non-conventional oils to produce biodiesel. Different algal oils, yeast oils, used cooking oil and non edible plant oils were subjected to chemical and enzymatic transesterification reactions. The percentage yield of Lewatit immobilized Bacillus pumilus lipase was 87% which was higher as compared to free lipase i.e., 66%. Different physico-chemical properties of non-conventional oils were also evaluated. Response surface quadratic models were used for the optimization of biodiesel production by using the Lewatit immobilized Bacillus pumilus lipase. The fuel properties and exhaust emission studies of enzymatically synthesized biodiesel showed that there was a significant decrease in the exhaust emissions of all the biodiesel blends so biodiesel synthesized in the present study was more environment friendly than conventional diesel fuel.