This thesis is concerned with the expansion of diagnostic methods in parametric regression models with some biased estimators. Of which, the Liu estimator, modified ridge estimator, improved Liu estimator and ridge estimator have been developed as an alternative to the ordinary least squares estimator in the presence of multicollinearity in linear regression models. Firstly, we introduce a type of Pena’s statistic for each point in Liu regression. Using the forecast change property, we simplify the Pena’s statistic in a numerical sense. It is found that the simplified Pena’s statistic behaves quite well as far as detection of influential observations is concerned. We express Pena’s statistic in terms of the Liu leverages and residuals. For numerical evaluation, simulated studies are given and a real data set has been analyzed for illustration. Secondly, we formulated Pena’s statistic for each point while considering the modified ridge regression estimator. Using this statistic, we showed that when modified ridge regression was used to mitigate the effects of multicollinearity, the influence of some observations could be significantly changed. The normality of this statistic was also discussed and it was proved that it could detect a subset of high modified ridge leverage outliers. The Monte Carlo simulations were used for empirical results and an example of real data was presented for illustration. Next, we introduce a type of Pena’s statistic for each point in the improved Liu estimator. Using this statistic, we showed that when the improved Liu estimator was used to mitigate the effects of multicollinearity, the influence of some observations could be significantly changed. The Monte Carlo simulations were used for empirical results and an example of real data was presented for illustration. The ridge estimator having growing and wider applications in statistical data analysis as an alternative technique to the ordinary least squares estimator to combat multicollinearity in linear regression models. In regression diagnostics, a large number of influence diagnostic methods based on numerous statistical tools have been discussed. Finally, we focus on ridge version of Nurunnabi et al. (2011) method for identification of multiple influential observation in linear regression. The efficiency of the proposed method is presented through several well-known data sets, an artificial large data with high-dimension and heterogeneous sample and a Monte Carlo simulation study.
پنڈت آنند نرائن ملا ۱۲؍ جون کو اردو تحریک کے قائد پنڈت آنند نرائن ملا چل بسے، وہ ۱۹۰۱ء میں لکھنؤ میں پیدا ہوئے تھے، جہاں ان کے والد پنڈت جگت نرائن ملا چوٹی کے وکیل تھے، آنند نرائن ملا بھی تعلیم سے فارغ ہوکر وکالت کے پیشے سے وابستہ ہوئے، پھر الٰہ آباد ہائی کورٹ کے جج اور سینئر جسٹس ہوئے، ۱۹۶۱ء میں ریٹائر ہوئے تو سپریم کورٹ میں وکالت شروع کی، لوک سبھا اور راجیہ سبھا کے ممبر بھی منتخب ہوئے لیکن ان کی اصل وجہ شہرت و امتیاز کا باعث یہ ہے کہ وہ اردو کے ایک بڑے شاعر، نقاد، ادیب، سیکولر، انسان دوست اور گنگا جمنی تہذیب کا نمونہ تھے، اردو کی محبت ان کے رگ و پے میں رچی بسی ہوئی تھی اور وہ اس کے اپنی مادری زبان ہونے پر فخر کرتے تھے اور کہتے تھے کہ ’’میں مذہب چھوڑ سکتا ہوں لیکن مادری زبان نہیں چھوڑ سکتا‘‘۔ ان کا شعر ہے: آتجھ کو گلے لگا کے مٹتی اردو اک آخری گیت گا لیں تو چلیں منظوم تصنیفات کے علاوہ بعض نثری تصنیفات بھی یادگار ہیں نظم وغزل دونوں پر قدرت تھی، روایت کی پاسداری کے باوجود کلام میں فرسودگی نہیں۔ مشاعرہ کے شاعر نہ تھے مگر اس میں شرکت کرتے تھے۔ دارالمصنفین کی گولڈن جبلی کے مشاعرہ کی صدارت کی تھی۔ اب غیر مسلموں میں اردو کے ایسے عالم، دانشور اور اس سے گہرا لگاؤ رکھنے والے عنقا ہورہے ہیں اس اعتبار سے ان کی وفات اردو کا واقعی ناقابل تلافی نقصان ہے۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، جولائی ۱۹۹۷ء)
In the contemporary academia, importance of journals is an established fact. Not only does the traditional academia discourse, but also modern discipline appears due to such endeavor of such traditions of journal. An editor is the key person who lightens the quality of writing. Allmah Shibl Nu‘mn (1857-1914) was not only an historian, writer, scholar and a great expert in the field of journals. He was the very first editor of various journals in the sub-continent. He had great vision in arrangement multiple discourses in the journals, at the same time his expertise in editorship can be explored. In his opinion a good editor needs to observe these characteristics. He should establish good relationship with scholars to achieve good targets of excellent writings. He should appoint co-editors for training and take keen interest in the additional responsibilities. He should select important as well as relevant articles and ensure material for the Journal in advance. He should also have a curious look on the contemporary journals to organize, review on latest books and to exploit various available sources to propagate journals. Shibl can be called a modern vehicle of expression. He made substantial contribution in enhancing the quality of the journals and promoting journals material for a wide readership. He trained novice graduates for professional editorship for the journals. Here is an effort to highlight Shibl’s letters as golden principle of writing.
This research is focused on the issues of organizational culture and its impact on the human resources management (HRM) practices, especially in the organizations in Pakistan. After a thorough literature review, the research objectives, methodology and hypothesis were selected and through a questionnaire the selected organizations viz; Pakistan International Air Line Corporation PIAC and National Insurance Company Limited NICL) were investigated. Both are the public organizations where thousands of the employees are working together those having different ethnic background, languages and culture but they all have to adapt the organizational culture to carry on their role efficiently and to see the impact of organizational culture on HRM practices in Pakistan. A survey questionnaire was designed and used which was based on 5 point liket scale. The data analysis comprises on the characteristics of sample size the demographic characteristics of the survey and the results shows that the majority of the respondents are male, young, qualified and the research is concentrated on marketing, management and technical staff. The data analysis for the ANOVA and Correlation was carried on computer packages using the Excel program. Meanwhile ANOVA was used to find out the level of significance of variance about the socio- culture adaptation, human resource management and organizational culture in organizations viz; PICL & NICL. To test and get the proper results some reliable statistical methods such as descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used for this purpose the Pearson correlation and ANOVA are very important. The results of P-value of socio-culture adaptation are statistically significant for PIAC and NICL, that results of PIAC shows the p-value 0.00114, which is less than 0.05 at significant level and this result have rejected the Null hypothesis of PIAC. The results of NICL p-value is 0.7271 which is larger than 0.05 significant level that result have accepted the null hypothesis. The hypothesis was “The socio-culture adaptation in organization is statistically not significant for the organizational development”. The result of p-value of HRM practices shows that the PIAC p-value is 3.42 on 0.05 significance level which accept the null hypothesis where as the results of NICL in p- value is .009394 at 0.05 at significance level which rejects the null hypothesis that xvwas “The organizational efficiency is significantly correlated with the socio-culture adaptation and HRM practices in the organization.” The result of organizational culture study shows that at the 0.05 significant level the p-value of PIAC is 2.13 which accept the Null hypothesis and at NICL, the p-value is 4.8 which also accept the null hypothesis. The said hypothesis was “the positive behavior of employees towards organizational culture in perceived to be significant when organizations perform well” is accepted in both the organizations. The other results of ANOVA have confirmed the results of p-value as mentioned in the study. Key words human resources management, organizational culture, socio-culture adaptation, organizational behavior, ANOVA, p-value, correlation, descriptive and inferential statistics.