Nitrogen doped carbon materials (NDCMs) have been successfully synthesized, characterized and investigated as an electrode material for supercapacitor application. The synthesized NDCMs exhibited remarkable capacitor performance in terms of specific capacitances, rate capability, % capacitance retention and long cycle stability in a variety of aqueous electrolytes. Firstly, organic ionic dyes namely; eriochrome black-T (EBT) and murexide (MDE) were employed as N-rich precursors for the synthesis of NDCMs via a facile high temperature carbonization route. The effect of different experimental parameters such as heating profile, annealing temperature, post chemical activation and inert atmosphere was investigated in detail on NDCMs derived from EBT. Later, waste biopolymer; chicken feathers (CFs) were used as a low cost versatile N-rich precursor for the synthesis of NDCMs. Prior to carbonization, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of all precursors was performed to evaluate the yield of carbon residue. The synthesized NDCMs were characterized by Raman analysis (RA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area and porosity analysis (BET and BJH), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Afterwards, supercapacitor performance evaluation, electroanalytical techniques viz. cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed. After detailed physicochemical investigation of NDCMs, it was established that these NDCMs have achieved good graphitization, amorphous/crystalline phases coexistence, homogeneous distribution of nitrogen and oxygen, three different types of nitrogen configurations (pyridinic N- 6, pyrrolic N-5 and quaternary N-Q), porous sheet like morphology, and moderate surface area with hierarchical porosity (micro, meso and macroporosity). The electrochemical investigations in acidic (1.0 M H2SO4), alkaline (6.0 M KOH) and neutral (0.5 M Na2SO4) electrolytes revealed that acidic electrolyte 1.0 M H2SO4 was the most promising electrolyte for supercapacitor application because of its small ion-size and high mobility which provide pseudocapacitive contribution. Whereas, among different alkali metal sulfate solutions (Li2SO4, Na2SO4, K2SO4) studied as an electrolyte for supercapacitor study of synthesized NDCMs, Li2SO4 proved to be a good choice. In addition, among the four different concentrations of Li2SO4 (0.5 M, 1.0 M, 1.5 M and 2.5 M), the optimized concentration for supercapacitor study of NCM(CF)-700A electrode material was found to be 1.5 M Li2SO4 due to its neutral character and large hydrated Li ion size associated with low mobility. Moreover, the operational voltage window for NCM(CF)-700A material was successfully extended up to 2.0 V in 1.5 M Li2SO4 solution.
اسلام میں قتل کی حرمت اسلام نے نہ صرف قتل و غارت گری سے روکا بلکہ اس غلط کام کے مفاسد بھی بیان کیے تاکہ انسان اس گناہ سے بچ سکے۔ قتل ناحق کو سب سے بڑا جرم قرار دیا گیا، جیسا کہ ارشاد باری تعالیٰ ہے ﴿ وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا النَّفْسَ الَّتِي حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ وَمَنْ قُتِلَ مَظْلُومًا فَقَدْ جَعَلْنَا لِوَلِيِّهِ سُلْطَانًا فَلَا يُسْرِفْ فِي الْقَتْلِ إِنَّهُ كَانَ مَنْصُورًا ﴾178 "جس شخص کے قتل کرنے کو اللہ نے حرام کیا ہے اس کو قتل نہ کرو مگر حق شرعی کے ساتھ اور جو شخص ظلم کے ساتھ مارا جائے ہم نے اس کے وارث کو غلبہ دیا ہے تو اس کو چاہیے کہ وہ قتل میں زیادتی نہ کرے۔ بلاشبہ اس کی مدد کی گئی ہے۔ " اور جس شخص کے قتل کرنے کو اللہ تعالیٰ نے قواعد شرعیہ کی رو سے حرام فرمایا ہے ۔ اس کو قتل مت کرو، ہاں مگر حق پر قتل کرنا درست ہے ، یعنی جب وجوب یا اباحت قتل کا کوئی سبب شرعی پایا جائے ، اس وقت وہ "حرم اللہ " میں داخل نہیں اور جو شخص ناحق قتل کیا جائے توہم نے اس کے وارث حقیقی یا حکمی کو قصاص لینے کا شرعا اختیار دیا ہے۔ سو اس کے قتل کے بارے میں حدِ شرعی سے تجاوز نہیں کرنا چاہیے ، یعنی قاتل کے علاوہ کسی اور کو قتل نہ کرے، کیونکہ وہ شخص زیادتی نہ کرنے کی صورت میں شرعا ًتو طرفداری کے قابل ہے اور زیادتی کرنے سے فریق ثانی طرفداری کے قابل ہو جائےگا ۔ اس لیے زیادتی کر کے منصوریت سے خارج نہیں ہونا چاہیے۔ مندرجہ ذیل شرعی وجوہات کی بنا پر مسلمان کا قتل جائز قرار دیاگیا، جیسا کہ رسول اللہ ﷺ نے فرمایا " لاَ يَحِلُّ دَمُ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ، يَشْهَدُ...
Peace can be defined as a state of mind of individuals and groups where everyone lives without apprehension, discomfort or fear of the other. Justice gives birth to peace; when there is justice, there is a sense of security among people. A peacemaker is one who mitigates conflicts and nurtures good will and brings about a sustainable balance to the society. Indeed, Prophet Muhammad's life was an example of living the life of a peace maker. The absolute character of Holy Prophetﷺ is impeccable in all characteristics and bestows an outright guidance in every step of life. It is an exemplary and pure fountain of love and mercy. His mercy is restricted not only to human beings but is also for animals and other creatures too. In this Paper will try to Discus about the character of Muhammadﷺ as Peace and Security maker, nothing is new, you have heard them time and again, but I am asking you to look at the deeper dimension embedded into these actions in creating peace for yourselves and the people who surround you. It is essentially expanding and sharing with you what Rahmatul Aalameen, a mercy to a mankind means.
Islamic Studies is taught at undergraduate level as compulsory core subject in engineering programs following the recommendations of national educational policies of Islamic Republic of Pakistan and Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan, but the contents of the course are only the repetition of what student had studied earlier in their course of studies from beginning, also the topics selection do not match with the cognitive maturity of learners neither their professional needs. This exploratory study was to find the need for revision in the content of Islamic Studies course at undergraduate level in engineering discipline. A cross- sectional exploratory survey was conducted to discover the needs for the topics of interest for the subject of Islamic Studies at undergraduate engineering program. Needs in the current study are considered as gaps between the existing course contents and preferred contents or topics by the respondents. The data was collected through purposive sampling from 808 research respondents of engineering (from both Public and Private Higher Education Commission (HEC) recognized, and Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) institutions of Karachi as well as general universities, total 12 universities). The sample comprised of five categories: students of engineering discipline (541), teachers of engineering discipline (170), Teachers of Islamic studies (experts) teaching in Engineering discipline,Teachers (experts) of Islamic Studies that are teaching to wide range of academic disciplines (32), and engineers who are working as professionals (65). The gender representation in the sample remained 66% (male), and 34% female respondents. A questionnaire using extent data analysis technique for structure and content was developed to collect data. Face and content validity of the tool were determined firstly through self-validation, secondly it was determined through expert validation; the questionnaire was presented to three experts of Islamic studies. Against 92 items 78 items received positive agreement. Two items showed negative agreement, and fourteen items showed no agreement. Percentage of overall agreement was 0.898549_ Kappa, suggestions of one of the three experts were incorporated. Thirdly a small scale pre-test was conducted to further ensure the validity of the tool. Informal pre-test was applied on a small, non-probability sample of45 Electrical Engineering undergraduate students of 7th semester, 09 Polymer & Petrochemical Engineeringundergraduate students’ of 7th semesters and 02 graduates of Mechanical Engineering of public sector University of Engineering and Technology. Responses of 12 teachers from Electrical and Polymer & Petrochemical departments (6 from each) were also recorded. Findings of pre-test related to structure, layout and vocabulary were used to make necessary changes before the pilot study. Questionnaire was also translated into national language Urdu.It went through Expert Validation with three Language Experts. Against 85 items the percentage of overall agreement remained Kappa Po: 0.882351. All suggestions were incorporated accordingly. The questionnaire was a blend of quantitative (closed questions with a prescribed range of answers), and qualitative (two open ended) questions. In piloting phase, data was collected from 65 (47 male (72%) and 18 females (28%) respondents of public sector university of Engineering and Technology and private sectorUniversity of Engineering and Technology, the two Major public and private sector Engineering Universities. Frequency of responses showed the content validity. Data for the main study was collected in two phases: at first stage the data was collected from 808 respondents during March 2013 to July 2013. Cumulative results of hypotheses testing disclosed that nine themes out of thirteen themes received unanimous agreement from all four groups of respondents. However, four themes i.e. theme three four, nine and twelve did not receive unanimous agreement of respondents although the percentages of agreement remains higher. In response of the qualitative query regarding “suggested topics if any other than surveyed items” various topics received from respondents which were divided and merged by the researcher in the 32 appropriate themes. From the categories; 93 out of 541 (17.19%) students,24 out of 170 (13.95%) teachers of engineering discipline,19 out of 32 (59.37%) teachers of Islamic Studies discipline, and 15 out of 65 (23.07%) engineering professionals proposed topics of repetitive nature. Either these were already in the survey form or proposed by respondents uniformly. Subjective analysis revealed that interest of society is influenced by the socio-political aspects of the country.124 out of 541 students, 62 out of 170 teachers of engineering discipline, and 15 out of 65 professionals commented positively in response to last opinionated question. After analyzing the data, it was presented to three subject experts for endorsement at second stage. Experts endorsed the final list of topics presented to them for comments. Each of them positively commented towards the research outcomes. Thirdly, data was also collected from 90 participants (professional Engineers) working in core fields outside Karachi. At the time of data collection (July, 2013), these Professionals were working with private sector Limited Company. This further validated the results. The finding of the study proves the notion of needs as gaps. Cumulative results indicates thatnine themes out of thirteen themes are taken as ‘needs of the research participants’ across categories while significant variation in agreement observed for the remaining four themes with above 75% agreement . Moreover, comments received from participants proved their interest towards subject of Islamic Studies as academic discipline.