Chronic viral hepatitis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the present day world [Goldstein et al, 2005; Baldo et al, 2008] 1,2 . The situation is particularly precarious in the developing countries [Jafri et al, 2006] 3 . It is estimated that by the year 2020-5, there will be three fold rise in cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma from HBV and HCV [Nguyen et al, 2008; Law et al, 2003] 4,5 . In chronic viral hepatitis the prognosis and management are highly dependent on the extent of liver fibrosis [Sebastiani et al, 2006] 6 . Though classically considered the “gold standard”; the liver biopsy is far from perfect, and has significant limitations [Poynard et al, 2004] 7 . This has led researchers to look for other methods to assess the stage of liver fibrosis [Afdhal et al, 2004] 8 .The noninvasive markers are the most widely used alternative to liver biopsy [ Manning et al, 2008; Castera et al, 2007; Morra et al, 2007] 9,10,11 . In the study presented, the association between serum markers, platelet parameters and liver fibrosis was investigated taking liver biopsy as the reference standard. A set of 5 serum markers, Fibroscore, consisting of: bilirubin, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), hyaluronic acid (HA), alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M), and platelets; has shown very high diagnostic accuracy for the near absence of fibrosis, and cirrhosis. The area under the ROC for F2 (stage 2) fibrosis was 0.808, for F3 the ROC was 0.938, and for F4 the ROC was 0.959. A central cut off point of > 0.5, in the model, predicted clinically significant fibrosis, (F2, F3 and F4) with a sensitivity of 82%, specificity of 92%, and overall diagnostic accuracy of 89%. By increasing the cut off to 0.65, for stages F2-F4, the PPV was 95%. Lowering the cut off to < 0.08 for the exclusion of stages F2-F4 provided 98% NPV, thus almost certainly ruling out stages F2-F4. The PDW index consists of platelet distribution width (PDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet count. The area under the ROC for advanced fibrosis (F3-F4) for PDW index was 0.840, compares with the well known AST to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) with area under ROC of 0.888. It is concluded that, Fibroscore has a high diagnostic accuracy for stages F2-F4, and PDW Index reliably predicts advanced fibrosis. The noninvasive markers will be helpful in the screening and management of fibrotic liver disease [Morra et al, 2007] 11 , and will replace liver biopsy in most patients with chronic liver disease from viral related causes [Castera et al, 2007; Morra et al, 2007] 10,11 .
مولانا عبدالشکور ہمارے پرانے نامور علماء ایک ایک کرکے، اٹھتے جاتے ہیں، افسوس ہے کہ ان کی آخری یادگار مولانا عبدالشکور صاحب نے بھی سفر آخرت اختیار کیا، مولانا کی ذات جامع کمالات اور اس دور میں سلف صالحین کا نمونہ تھی، علم و عمل اور دین و تقویٰ میں ان کا درجہ بہت بلند تھا، تعلیم و تدریس، تالیف و تصنیف، وعظ و تبلیغ، ارشاد و ہدایت ہر راہ میں ان کے نمایاں کارنامے ہیں، تقریباً نصف صدی تک ان کا فیض جاری رہا، اور ان کے ذریعہ بہتوں کو ہدایت حاصل ہوئی، ایک زمانہ میں پورے ہندوستان میں ان کے کارناموں کی شہرت تھی، مگر ادھر پچیس تیس سال سے انھوں نے خاموشی اور گوشی نشینی کی زندگی اختیار کرلی تھی، اور موتو اقبل ان تموتوا کی عملی تفسیر بن گئے تھے، اب ایسے ربانی علماء کا پیدا ہونا مشکل ہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کے خدمات کو قبول اور ان کے مدارج بلند فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۶۲ء)
Penelitian ini merupakan sebuah analisis mendalam terhadap fenomena pernikahan siri dalam konteks hukum keluarga Islam, dengan pendekatan psikologi dan sosiologi. Pernikahan siri, meskipun secara hukum kerap dianggap kontroversial, tetap menjadi praktik yang signifikan dalam masyarakat yang menganut Islam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami faktor-faktor psikologis dan sosial yang memengaruhi keputusan individu untuk melakukan pernikahan siri, serta dampaknya terhadap struktur keluarga dan masyarakat secara lebih luas. Dalam analisis psikologis, penelitian ini akan menggali motivasi dan faktor-faktor emosional yang mendorong individu untuk memilih pernikahan siri sebagai alternatif dalam memenuhi kebutuhan mereka dalam konteks hubungan intim. Sementara dalam analisis sosiologis, penelitian ini akan memeriksa dampak sosial dan normatif dari pernikahan siri terhadap struktur sosial masyarakat Islam, termasuk bagaimana hal ini memengaruhi status perempuan dan anak-anak dalam keluarga dan masyarakat.Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan akan memberikan wawasan yang lebih baik tentang fenomena pernikahan siri dalam masyarakat Islam, serta menyediakan dasar bagi perubahan dan penyempurnaan hukum keluarga Islam yang relevan dengan realitas sosial dan psikologis yang berkembang. Penelitian ini juga dapat menjadi acuan untuk pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang bagaimana praktik pernikahan siri dapat diintegrasikan atau diatur lebih baik dalam kerangka hukum dan norma-norma sosial yang ada.
Bacillus α-amylases are widely used in industrial processes. Nevertheless, there is a need to improve the temperature tolerance of α-amylases as high temperature conditions are used in many industrial processes. In this study, various isolates of Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis) were recovered from soil using potatoes (Solanum tumberosum) and sweet potatoes (Ipoema batatas) for baiting. Isolates were identified using common morphological techniques and biochemical tests with an API kit. B. licheniformis isolates for further study were selected on the basis of high α-amylase production. The α-amylase gene was cloned in plasmid pTBSG1 and characterized. Mutations to be introduced for enhancing α-amylase stability were predicted by in-silico design using various computational tools: Rosetta, the disulfide design server and the RosettaVIP tool. The disulfide design server identified five double mutants for mutagenesis to cysteine residues as follows: L64C/K80C, E119C/S130C, G433C/G474C, T139C/W157C and Y396C/D416C. A sixth mutant, V283I, was predicted with the RosettaVIP tool. The various mutants were prepared with the Phusion site-directed mutagenesis kit with the help of modified primers. Wild-type and mutants were then recombinantly expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and characterized and compared to wild-type enzyme. Wild-type and mutant enzymes were pre-incubated at 45 ºC to 85 ºC and residual activities were found to not vary significantly till 55 ºC (P-value > 0.05). On the other hand, at 65 ºC, 75 ºC and 85 ºC, mutant V283I showed significantly improved thermostability (P-value < 0.05). Among the double mutants, G433C/G474C was found to have highest thermostability in terms of thermal inactivation (P < 0.05). This study shows that the rational design and introduction of substitution mutations leading to the formation of disulfide bonds and increased hydrophobic interactions has high potential for improving the thermal stability of α-amylases.