In this thesis, we have studied the propagation of nonlinear electrostatic waves in a nonMaxwellian plasma in which electrons follow the generalized (??,??) distribution function which has the advantage that it mimics most of the distribution functions observed in space plasmas. Generally spectral index ?? corresponds to the flatness and ?? corresponds to the high energy tail in the profile of the distribution. The generalized (??,??) distribution function is the generalized form of kappa and Maxwellian distribution function and can be reduced to these in the limits ??=0,??=(??+1) and ??=0,??→∞, respectively. First we studied the propagation of nonlinear ion acoustic waves in a (??,??) distributed plasma and derived the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. In the past, KdV equation has been derived for ion acoustic waves with Boltzmannian or kappa distributed electrons and only compressive solitary structures were obtained. We have shown that when electrons are modelled by (??,??) distribution, the nonlinear ion acoustic waves admit both humps and dips in the perturbed potential. We found that for positive values of ??, which correspond to flat-topped distribution, the nonlinear ion acoustic waves admit compressive solitary structures or density humps. And for negative values of ??, which correspond to a spiky distribution, the nonlinear ion acoustic waves admit rarefactive solitary structures or density depletions. It has also been shown that the generalized (??,??) distribution function provides another way to explicate the density depletions observed by Freja and Viking satellites previously explained by proposing Cairns distribution function. In the third chapter, we have studied the propagation of nonlinear electron acoustic waves (EAWs) by deriving the KdV equation in a plasma comprising of cold and hot electron populations in which the ions form the neutralizing background. The hot electrons have been assumed to follow the generalized (??,??) distribution. Interestingly, it has been found that unlike Maxwellian and kappa distributions, the electron acoustic waves admit not only rarefactive structures but also allow the formation of compressive solitary structures for generalized (??,??) distribution. Using the plasma parameters, typically found in the Saturn’s magnetosphere and the Earth’s auroral region, where two x populations of electrons and electron acoustic solitary waves have been observed, we have given an estimate of the scale lengths over which these nonlinear waves are expected to form and how the size of these structures would vary with the change in the shape of the distribution function and with the change of the plasma parameters. In chapter-4, we then derived the modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equation to study nonlinear ion acoustic waves in a plasma in which electrons follow generalized (??,??) distribution. The spectral index ?? in the distribution corresponds to the flat top at low energy and by increasing its value flat top in the distribution increases. The spectral index ?? can also have negative values due to which distribution becomes spiky at low energies. Such flat topped or spiky distributions have been frequently observed in space plasmas. By employing (??,??) distribution, it has been shown that solitary structures are much influenced by the spectral index ??. This study highlighted the effect of low energy particles on the propagation characteristics of the solitary structures which could not be done by employing Maxwellian or kappa distributions and be helpful in explaining the underline physics in those regions where such flat top distributions are observed. In the chapter 5, we have studied the propagation of nonlinear ion acoustic shock waves in unmagnetized and collisionless plasma in the presence of electrons that follow the generalized (??,??) distribution. The Burger and Korteweg-de Vries–Burger (KdV-Burger) equations have been derived through reductive perturbation technique and via tangent hyperbolic method shock like solutions have been presented analytically for both Burger and KdV-Burger equations. It has been found that the strength and steepness of shock waves are affected by the flatness parameter ??, tail parameter ?? and the nonlinear propagation velocity ??. It is found that the shock strength of KdV–Burger is less than simple Burger equation’s shock. We concluded that propagation of nonlinear electrostatic waves strongly dependent on the profile of the distribution function and the results obtained are of great importance as they interpret those observations which could not be predicted on the basis of Maxwellian or kappa distribution functions.
At Makassar City Hospital, one of the service indicators that has not been achieved is in incomplete medical record files and medical record files that are returned more than 2x24 hours after service. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the completeness of filling in and the timeliness of returning inpatient medical record files at the Makassar City Hospital. This type of research is mixed methods research. The study design used a cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted in September - October 2020. The results showed that the implementation of completeness of filling in and the timeliness of returning medical record files was still low, this has led to the accumulation of medical record files in the treatment room and delays in returning the files of inpatients to the medical record installation of the City Hospital Makassar. Training on the implementation of medical records has not been comprehensive for all officers at the Makassar City Hospital. The result of the delay in returning the documents is the delay in payment of insurance claims to the hospital. Accumulation of medical records in the treatment room from incomplete medical records and returned to the treatment room. Health workers who forget to fill in complete medical records are only given a sanction in the form of a warning during a meeting with the medical committee. Availability of SOP on filling and returning medical record files at the hospital. The facilities and infrastructure in the implementation of medical records are still insufficient for medical record employees at Makassar City Hospital. It is recommended that the hospital improve the implementation of the completeness and timeliness of returning medical record files, provide incentives or rewards for completing filling in, increase the number of computers and expand the room in the medical record installation, and review the medical record format at Makassar City Hospital
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are the soil and plant associated bacteria that promote growth and yield of plant by various mechanisms. PGPR are important in agriculture as it has replaced the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other supplements. Rhizosphere microorganisms produce the substances that promote growth in large quantities that affect plant’s morphology indirectly. In the proposed study, root nodulating bacteria were isolated from chickpea and pea. Their nodulation activity, biofilm formation, root colonization were observed and characterized for solubilization of phosphate, production of indole acetic acid and fixation of nitrogen. Potential root nodulating bacteria were identified using 16S rRNA, ITS and nodC gene sequence analysis. AHLs were detected using thin layer chromatography. Potential root nodulating bacteria were evaluated to enhance yield and growth of chickpea and pea. All the strains were analyzed for growth promotion abilities in growth chamber experiment. Soil analysis was done before pot experiment. Strains were evaluated for their improvement in yield and growth of chickpea and peas. Rhizobium bangladeshense was isolated from pea nodules for the first time. Overall Mesorhizobium ciceri strain CM1 and CM2 showed the best results on chickpea as compared to control. It was confirmed for the first time that Rhizobium bangladeshense nodulates pea. Rhizobium bagladeshense PM3 and Rhizobium leguminosarum strains PM1 showed the best results on peas. Co-inoculation with Rhizobium bangladeshense PM3 and Rhizobium leguminosarum PM2 strain showed the best result on peas as compared to single inoculation.