Hesitant fuzzy set theory is an impressive tool, to express the vagueness and ambiguity derive from experts, to analyze the characteristics of objects, and to determine the membership functions for each criterion domain. Due to the unpredictability of real world problems, and the limitation of human’s observations, it is very challenging to apply only a particular or specific uncertainty method to deal with complex problems. One can approach to more impressive and effective models to handle decision-making problems, by relating or associating the advantages of several other distinct theories of uncertainty. Hesitant fuzzy sets and soft sets are considered more efficient to deal the uncertain conditions. By combining these theories with several other useful models, novel hybrid models can be developed for decision-making problems. The aim of this research is to construct novel hybrid models based on hesitant fuzzy sets, because the use of hesitant fuzzy computations makes the decision-makers assessments more feasible and significant in decision-making. The proposed hybrid models are named as, hesitant N-soft sets, hesitant fuzzy N-soft sets, interval-valued hesitant fuzzy N-soft sets, m−polar hesitant fuzzy sets and hesitant m−polar fuzzy sets. These models are obtained by the hybridization of hesitant fuzzy sets with N-soft sets and m−polar fuzzy sets, which are more flexible and expressive for modeling and processing of vague information under hesitancy. These models provide us information about the occurrence of ratings or grades and enable us to tackle multi-polar information with hesitancy. Various properties of hybrid models are investigated with different methods of their construction. Intrinsic operations are highlighted and explored with several new concepts including weak, top weak and bottom weak complements. The concept of decision-making methods named as choice value, L-choice value, TOPSIS and ELECTRE-I, is explored by applying them on proposed models. Potential applications related to real life situations are presented, that illustrate the procedure of the proposed decision-making methods. Efficient algorithms are developed to solve the decision-making problems based on hybrid models.
سید ہاشم علی اختر صاحب افسوس ہے کہ ۱۴؍ جون ۲۰۰۳ء کو جناب سید ہاشم علی اختر شکاگو میں وفات پاگئے، اناﷲ و انا الیہ راجعون۔ وہ جامعہ عثمانیہ کے مایہ ناز فرزند، حیدرآباد کے نام ور شخص اور ملک کے بڑے دانشور تھے، ان کو ملک کی دو شہرہ آفاق یونیورسٹیوں جامعہ عثمانیہ حیدرآباد اور علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی کا وائس چانسلر ہونے کا فخر بھی حاصل ہوا۔ جناب ہاشم علی اختر کی پیدائش ۶؍ اکتوبر ۱۹۲۴ء کو حیدرآباد میں ہوئی تھی، شروع کی تعلیم مدرسوں میں ہوئی، ۱۹۳۸ء میں انہوں نے جامعہ عثمانیہ سے بی ایس سی اور ۱۹۴۴ء میں ایم ایس سی کیا، ان کی طبیعت کا رجحان علم و تعلیم کی طرف تھا، اس لیے شروع میں درس و تدریس ہی کے پیشے سے وابستہ ہوئے، پہلے سٹی ہائی اسکول میں مدرس ہوئے پھر سٹی کالج میں جونیئر لکچرر ہوئے، مگر ان میں نظم و نسق کی صلاحیت بھی بہ درجہ اتم تھی، اس لیے جلد ہی انتظامی شعبے سے ان کا تعلق ہوگیا اور ۱۹۴۶ء میں وہ حیدرآباد سیول سروس کے لیے منتخب ہوگئے، اس کے بعد آئی۔اے۔ایس کے لیے ان کا انتخاب ہوا اور ڈپٹی کلکٹر کے عہدے پر تقرر ہوا جس سے ترقی کرتے ہوئے پرنسپل سکریڑی کے عہدے پر فائز ہوئے۔ ہاشم صاحب کو نظم و نسق کا اچھا سلیقہ تھا، ایک کامیاب اور نیک نام آئی اے ایس آفیسر کی حیثیت سے ان کو بڑی عزت و شہرت ملی، سکریٹریٹ کی اچھی کارکردگی اور خوش انتطامی ہی کی وجہ سے سبکدوش ہونے کے بعد حکومت نے ۱۹۸۲ء میں انہیں جامعہ عثمانیہ حیدرآباد کا وائس چانسلر مقرر کردیا، ابھی اس کی میعاد مکمل نہیں ہوئی تھی کہ ۱۹۸۵ء میں علی گڑھ یونیورسٹی کے وائس چانسلر کے لیے ان کا انتخاب ہوگیا۔ وائس چانسلر کی حیثیت سے ان کی کارکردگی...
The editorial provides information about an infection prevention and control mobile application and a corresponding website that has been developed by members of infection control committee of a tertiary care hospital. The features of the mobile app are discussed along with information shared in the form of guidelines that cover various aspects of infection control practices relevant for healthcare workers. The app can be used in different clinical settings in hospital areas by anyone who has an android or Apple phone.
Education is conceived as the powerful instrument for bringing about desired changes in social and cultural life of the nation and the teacher being the key actor in educational process is considered as the change agent. The rapidly changing world is calling new ways of addressing school changes; Pakistan has also brought a lot of changes and reforms to address the educational problems and to keep pace with the fast changes in the field of science and technology. The purpose of this study was to analyze the attitude of the teachers towards reforms at school level in Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, seventy two schools having equal number in gender and demographic level of urban and rural, comprising all categories of primary, elementary and secondary were selected through area cluster sampling technique. Survey method technique was applied and a questionnaire based on five-point Likert scale comprising sixty three items divided into five dimensions was developed.The tool was an adaptation of ASTTP (Hussain, 2004). The tool was got validated by experts‟ opinion and through calculating the Factor Loading and also by determining the Cronbatch Alpha. To analyze the data, arithmetic mean, percentage, standard deviation and t- test were calculated by using the computer programs; Ms-Excel and SPSS. It was concluded by the study that respondents showed much positive response towards the questions of administrative reforms, medium of instruction reforms and Chief Minister Roadmap reforms dimensions while, towards examination reforms and computer education reforms dimensions, respondents also showed positive attitude but with lower statistics. Qualifications wise analysis showed that as the degree of qualification of the teachers rises, the level of positivity of attitude is also rises against all dimensions and from this positive impact of reforms is also inferred. The comparison between urban and rural teachers showed that there is significant difference between the attitude of the respondents of the rural and urban areas and the respondents of the rural areas showed much better positive attitude against all dimensions of reforms. The gender wise comparison of the respondents reflected that female teachers had more significantly positive attitude towards all dimensions of reforms as compared to male teachers. Comparison between the teachers of all sections of the selected schools clearly indicated that attitude towards first three dimensions; Administrative reforms, Medium of Instruction reforms and Chief Minister Roadmap reform was much positive as compared to others two dimensions of examination reforms and computer education reforms. Through this study, it was recommended that in policy making or formulating any reform initiative, positive involvement of teachers‟ opinion must be ensured next time. Course outlines and methods of teaching of the teacher training institutions are revised according to trends of the modern era of globalized world. Indicators for the Chief Ministers‟ roadmap must be revised and fixed on the ground realities and on the disparity between rural and urban areas.