Numerical Methods for Phase-field Model and its Applications to Multi-phase Flow Numerical methods for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) were used first by John von Neumann in the mid of 1940s as an effective tool. Since then, numerical computing has become the most versatile tool to experiments and complement theory. In principle, all mathematical equations can be easily solved numerically in comparison to the theoretical approach. They are low cost, high efficiency and no danger when compared with experimental approach. The driving force of numerical methods comes from practical application in all branches of science, engineering and other disciplines. The starting point of computational methods is a mathematical model, the form and origin of which depends on the particular field of study. There exist many important physical and biological processes in nature that can be represented by mathematical models. However, a physical and mathematical interpretation of the models and their numerical solutions is always a vital part of the computational science. Although, analytical solutions are difficult to obtain for many complex phenomena governed by nonlinear PDEs. However, with the rapid development in computational techniques and availability of high-speed computers, there is a continuously widening scope of nonlinear problems that can be solved numerically. Appropriate numerical algorithms, in particular those for solving time-dependent nonlinear PDEs are in heart of many of advanced scientific computations and software development. Moving free boundary problems are present in nature and many areas of physical and biological sciences. Examples include impact of a droplet on a solid surface, image segmentation, surface waves, jet breakup, realistic interfaces in animation movies, crystal and tumor growth and many others where the simulation of moving interfaces plays a key role in the problem to be solved. In dealing with moving boundary problems, an important consideration is how to model the moving boundary or interfacial surface on which the boundary conditions are imposed. Mathematical models adopted both in analytical and numerical studies for variety of free boundary problems are classified into two types, sharp interface and diffuse interface models. Sharp interface models like (level set method ) assumes that the interface has zero thickness. However, in phase transition, the existence of transition zone introduced an idea of diffuse interface by Gibbs, which allow the interface to have finite thickness. A type of diffuse interface model with particular interest is phase-field based model by the introduction of an order-variable representing the interface. In such approach, the phase-field variable is continuous as a function of space and time. Nevertheless, the partial differential equations describing the two-phase flow are highly nonlinear and numerical simulation is often necessary to solve them. This is why phasefield methods are numerically attractive with no tracking of interface explicitly but can be obtained as a part of the solution processes. This work deals with the development of numerical methods for solving phase-field models with some real world applications. There are several discretization method like finite difference method, finite volume method and finite element method etc. We have adapted the conforming finite element method for spatial discretization and have used different diagonally implicit schemes for time discretization. The performance of the proposed numerical algorithms in term of their accuracy and CPU time are demonstrated. The comparisons with analytical, experimental and numerical results are also provided for validation and verification of the computed results. The numerical simulations were carried out using DUNE-PDELab, which is a software tool for solving partial differential equations. This thesis is organized as follows: In chapter 1, an introduction of the phase-field models with some fundamental aspects and applications are given. Chapter 2 provides numerical methods with some discretization techniques and their modifications. Chapter 3 is based on the development of an efficient time stepping scheme for solving of 2ndorder nonlinear Allen-Cahn equation. Error estimates at different degrees of freedom are also provided using available exact solution. In chapter 4, the method developed in chapter 2 is further extended to solve 4th-order Cahn-Hillard equation with variable mobility. In chapter 5, a system of Allen-Cahn equation coupled with heat equation is solved with its application to dendritic crystal growth phenomena. Chapter 6 is based on the mathematical modeling and its numerical simulation of tumor hypoxia targeting in cancer treatment. Chapter 7 concludes this work with some future research directions.
بیسویں صدی کے پہلے عشرے میں ہی عالمگیر تبدیلیوں کے زیر اثر اردو زبان و ادب میں شعری شعور ایک منفرد اور نئے رجحان میں داخل ہو چکا تھا۔ جس کے دھندلے خطوط ۶۰ کی دہائی میں واضح نقوش اختیار کر کے ایک عام آدمی کے لئے بھی جیتی جاگتی تصویر دکھائی دینے لگے۔ زندگی میں تبدیلی کا راست اثر ادب پر بھی پڑتا ہے جو نمائندہ شخصیات کی تخلیقی جدوجہد کا نتیجہ ہوتی ہیں۔ یہ تبدیلی کا عمل بڑی شخصیات کے قلب میں جنم لیتا ہے جو اپنے الفاظ کی اثر آفریبی سے مروجہ سوچ پر غالب آجاتا ہے۔ بڑی شخصیات کو زمان و مکان کی حدود و قیود میں مقید کرنا محال ہو جاتا ہے۔ ایسی شخصیات کی تخلیقی جدوجہد کی پیمائش گھڑیوں ، مہینوں اور سالوں کے معیارات سے ممکن نہیں ہوتی۔ ایسی ہی ایک قد آور اور پر اثر شخصیت مراتب اختر کے نام سے ساٹھ اور ستر کی دہائی میں اردو ادب کے شعری افق پر نمودار ہوئی اور اپنے جذبوں کی ہمہ رنگ قوس قزح کی روشنیاں بکھیر گئی۔ اس منفرد شاعر کی منفرد شاعری کا مقام و مرتبہ تو آئندہ تاریخی تناظر میں ہی ہو گا جس کو طے کرنا نقاد حضرات کا ہی کام ہے۔ لیکن اپنی تمام تر بے بصاعتی کے باوجود بڑے لوگوں کی آرا کو پیش کرنے کی سعادت اور ان کی شاعری کی عظمت کے تصویری خاکے اب بھی پیش کئے جا سکتے ہیں اور اس تصویر میں رنگ بھرنے کے لیے کسی بھی ناقد کو وسیع مطالعے کے ساتھ ساتھ طویل ذہنی سفر بھی کرنا پڑے گا تاکہ تصویر اپنے متعینہ چوکھٹے میں سج سکے۔ اس کی کچھ جھلک اور پرچھائیاں ان کے ہمسفر شعرا کی زبان ترجمان سے عیاں تو ہوتی ہیں مگر بشری محدودیتوں، باہمی عصبیتوں...
This article discusses the application of the new public service concept in serving the public. This is based on the Public Administration Problem in its development which has gone through several stages. As one of the countries in the world, of course, it is part of the global administration system, which always develops in accordance with the development of contradictions and mutual relations between nations in the world. So that the implementation of the new public service can have an impact on the implementation of the New Public Service with an awareness of the real role of the state. It is no longer authoritarian or still chooses who has the right to receive services from the State. In the current context, the practice of Public Administration has led to the principles of the New Public Service paradigm.
The population survey was conducted to evaluate the population of common mallard
(Anas platyrhynchos) at ten wetlands of the Punjab. The mean population of ten year at
Chashma Barrage (65651464), Taunsa Barrage (1913191), Ucchali Lake (885232), Head
Qadirabad (24972), Head Marala (41852), Head Rasool (350), Khabbeki lake (9242), Head
Sulaimanki (1515166), Jhalar Lake (10321), and Head Islam (21739) was calculated and
recorded. The population of Chashma barrage was statistically highly significant (P<0.01) as
compared to other wetlands. Toevaluate the food preference, among total 40 gut samples, total
weight of gut was (102.583.451g), total weight of gizzard (39.92 1.279 g ), weight of food
material (4.340.170), gizzard weight without food material (35.33 1.208), weight of seed (1.62
0.092), weight of vegetation (1.960.087), weight of other material was (0.940.069). The
comparison between male and female showed that the total weight of gut, total weight of
gizzard, weight of food material, gizzard weight without food material and weight of seed was
statistically highly significant (P<0.01), weight of other material was statistically significant
(P<0.05) and weight of vegetation was statistically non-significant (P >0.05). The total 11 species
of plants were identified from the gut analysis which were, Ipomoea aquatic, Hydrilla
verticillata, Trapa natans, Oryza sativa, Vallisneria spirallis, Schenoplectus litoralis, Nymphaea
nouchali, Typha angustifolia, Potamogeton nodosus, Eichhornia crassipes and Cyperus
alopecuroides. The total 14 samples were found infected with different gastro- intestinal
parasites. The six species of parasites found were Amidostomum anseris, Hystrielus tricolor,
Notocotylus attenuatu, Hymenolepis gracilis, Diacranterian introversa, and Diorchis stefanskii.
Four species were recorded at Chashma Barrage, Taunsa Barrage and Head Sulaimanki. Three
species were recorded at water-logged area of Bahawalnagar and Faisalabad and two species
were recorded at Head Marala. Hymenolepis gracilis, Dicranotaenia introversa and Diorchis
stefanskii was recorded from the four wetlands.Hystrielus tricolor and Notocotylus attenuates
was recorded from the three wetlands and Amidostomum anseris was recorded from the two
wetlands. The current study has provided the valuable baseline information for the
management planning, conservation, improvement of habitat, host-parasite interactions,
fitness, and health status of this species.