Impact of a Non-Dedicated U-Turn on Traffic

Non-dedicated U turn has a direct effect on road safety, capacity and congestion during the traffic flow. U turn can have significant supremacy on traffic flow and headway. Therefore to study the impact of non-dedicated u turns on traffic is the ultimate requirement of the current time. This is a microscopic traffic study in which the data from a U turn (33°59’48.2"N 71°27’30.2"E) on road leading to Hayatabad and Karkhano in Peshawar is evaluated in terms of headway, speed and flow rate of traffic. Factual data is presented which shows that the average time headway surges when the traffic is interfered by the U turning vehicles. The probability density functions and cumulative density functions fit to the datasets of headway are then evaluated by the techniques of anova analysis to determine which distribution is the most suitable one for the data. Distribution data specific with the interfering U turn was taken in a separate set and evaluated. The result obtained show that the Burr Distribution and Generalized Extreme Value Distribution are the optimum to illustrate the headway data of traffic being interfered by U turning vehicles. This ligitimize the utilization of various time headway distributions of vehicles being interfered by U turning for traffic modeling.

Analysis of Linkages Among Performance Management System, Employee and Organizational Performance of the Cellular Phone Companies in Pakistan

The current study was an attempt to investigate the impact of a comprehensive Performance Management System on Organizational Performance, while analyzing the mediating effect of employee performance and moderation of organizational justice in five Cellular Phone Companies (CPC) of Pakistan. The study was based on the gaps found in previous literature which emphasized on analyzing the effectiveness of performance management system in terms of its employee and organizational outcomes. Survey techniquewas employed for which a questionnaire comprised of multiple borrowed scales was used, which was revalidated in Pakistani context. Data were collected from 271 managers of Cellular Phone Companies of Pakistan. The study involved moderation, mediation and moderated-mediation analyses, for which Preacher and Hayes’ PROCESS MACRO (Model 1, 4 and 8) was used. The results of the study reflected significant moderation of organizational justice, partial mediationof employee performance and significant moderated-mediation effects of both on relationship between performance management system and organizational performance. It was established that comprehensive performance management system, duly supported by perception of organizational justice within the organization, leads to enhanced employee and organizational performance. The researcher also conducted multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Post Hoc analysis to analyze the differences of performance management system and organizational justice practices among the five cellular phone companies of Pakistan. From theoretical perspective, thecomprehensive performance management system framework comprised of seven dimensions, was usedfor the first time especially in the Pakistani context. Moreover, the moderating effect of organizational justice on performance management system was also researcher’s contribution. The study has also revalidated goal setting, expectancy and equity theory in Pakistani context. Results of the study suggested the cellular phone companies to focus on comprehensive performance management system incorporating goal setting, communication, establishing & monitoring performance expectations, coaching, feedback, performance appraisal and performance consequences along with positive perception of organizational justice in Pakistani context to achieve the objectives of enhanced employee and organizational performance. The study has also provided implications for future research in the area.