فلسفۂ اخلاق کی تشکیل نو اور سیرت طیبہ میں اس کی نظریاتی بنیادیں

Reformation of Moral Philosophy and its Foundation in Seerah of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) Though, the twenty first century is passing through a great development in the field of science, intellect, education and technology, human beings seem spiritually and ethically in a more miserable condition day by day. We observe inflation in the problems and complications regarding their solutions in human societies with every passing day. Today’s man is highly engaged in universe and its enquiry, we are developing knowledge and physical efforts for taking control over all phenomena of universe, but in this effort, we lost our capability of good values and ethics mostly. In such conditions, the one and only personality, the Ambassador of peace, beloved Muhammad ﷺ is the source of guidance, by whom the spirit of a man could meet with peace and stability. But the solution of this major problem never can be just adopting his ethical teachings and the rejection of bad actions. If so, then the thousands of past writings about the issue have brought the revolution already on the face of the earth. Modern philosophy of ethics and Morality is based upon the concept of relativity as “Good” or “bad” is not universal truth at all. For this reason, it is less effective in terms of practicality. The roots of philosophical concepts we find in the teachings of Prophet’s Muhammad (ﷺ). Have no enigmas and ambiguity Morality. Promoting the prophetic philosophy of Ethics and Morality can change the behavior of man automatically rather than forcefully. In this article, effort has been made to critically analyze the modern Moral philosophy in the light of Sῑrah of the Holy Prophetﷺ. Analytical and critical research methodology is adopted in this study.

Screening of Wheat Varieties for Salinity Tolerance As Affected by Seed Priming

The experiments were conducted at The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications for two years (winter 2013-2014 and winter 2014-2015). The objectives of the experiments were to screen wheat varieties for salinity tolerance and to evaluate the effect of seed priming in improving salinity tolerance of varieties. In first experiment, the effects of soil salinity and seed priming was evaluated in wheat varieties (Lalma-2013, Shahkar-2013, Pirsabak-2013, Insaf-2015, Barsat-2010, Atta-Habib-2010, Siran-2010, Bathoor-2008, Pirsabak-2008, Seher-2006, Pirsabak-2005, Saleem-2000, Uqab-2000 and Inqilab- 1991) in sand culture as root media. Highest tillers plant-1(4.31), leaves plant-1(15.91), root length (24.12 cm), root fresh weight plant-1 (2.36 g), shoot K+ content (1.35 mg g-1 dry weight), root K+content (0.72 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot chlorophyll a content (1.57 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot chlorophyll b content (1.01 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot proline content (125.16 μg g-1 fresh weight) and root proline content (64.08 μg g-1 fresh weight) were recorded from variety (Pirsabak-2005). Maximum germination (85.42%), shoot length (35.44 cm), shoot fresh weight plant-1(8.61 g), root K+ content (0.72 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot Ca++ content (0.78 mg g-1 dry weight) and roots Ca++ content (0.72 mg g-1 dry weight) was produced from variety (Lalma-2013). Maximum roots dry weight plant-1(0.47g) and shoot dry weight plant-1 (2.08g) was observed in variety Pirsabak-2005. Highest root to shoot ratio (0.24) and shoot chlorophyll b content (1.01 mg g-1 dry weight) was recorded from variety (Insaf-2015). The variety (Uqab-2000) showed maximum days to emergence (9.38), shoot Na+ content (1.31 mg g-1 dry weight), root Na+ content (2.58 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot Na+/K+ ratio (1.86) and root Na+/K+ ratio. Seed priming has significantly affected all parameters except days to emergence, shoot Na+ content, root Na+ content, shoot Na+/K+ ratio and root Na+/K+ ratio. The effect of seed priming was significant (P≤0.05) on wheat varieties (Pirsabak-2005 and Lalma-2013). In second experiment, the effect of salinity (0, 3, 6 and 9 dSm-1) and seed priming with 50 mM CaCl2 and no seed priming was observed in six wheat varieties (Pirsabak-2005 and Lalma-2013, Atta-Habib-2010 and Pirsabak- 2008, Saleem-2000 and Inqilab-1991), two each from tolerant, moderate and sensitive varieties with soil as root media. Maximum leaves plant-1(18.25), shoot length (56.86 cm), roots length (22.59 cm), shoot fresh weight plant-1 (8.54 g), roots fresh weight plant-1 (2.62 g), roots to shoot ratio (0.219), productive tillers plant-1 (3.27), spike length (8.16 cm), grains spike-1(43.19), and hundred grains weight (3.20 g) was recorded from variety (Pirsabak-2005). The variety (Pirsabak-2005) produced highest biological yield (12.46 g plant-1), grain yield (4.57 g plant-1) and harvest index (35.95%). Maximum shoot K+ content (1.23 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot Ca++ content (0.76 mg g-1 dry weight), root Ca++ content (0.58 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot chlorophyll a content (1.60 mg g-1 fresh weight), shoot chlorophyll b content (1.03 mg g-1 fresh weight) and shoot proline (118.20 μg g-1 fresh weight) was recorded from variety v (Pirsabak-2005). Wheat variety(Lalma-2013) showed maximum germination (85.21%), tillers plant-1 (4.16), shoot dry weight plant-1 (2.19 g), days to anthesis (113.00), days to maturity (143.75), and root K+ content (0.66 mg g-1 dry weight) Highest shoot Na+ content (1.26 mg g-1 dry weight) was recorded from variety Saleem- 2000. Wheat variety (Inqilab-1991) indicated maximum days to emergence (9.21), shoot Na+/K+ ratio (1.55), root Na+ content (2.55 mg g-1 dry weight) and root Na+/K+ ratio (7.31). The techniques of seed priming has positively affected all above mentioned parameters except days to emergence, shoot Na+ content, root Na+ content, shoot Na+/K+, root Na+/K+ ratio. Wheat varieties (Pirsabak-2005 and Lalma-2013) were positively affected with seed priming compared with other varieties. It is concluded that salinity stresses has adversely affected different physiological, biochemical and yield parameters of wheat varieties however, seed priming with CaCl2 has alleviated the adverse effects of salinity in wheat varieties