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Home > Occurrence, Toxicity and Prevention of Acrylamide in Model Systems and Baked Products

Occurrence, Toxicity and Prevention of Acrylamide in Model Systems and Baked Products

Thesis Info

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Author

Aziz, Mahwash

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1207

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726790803

Similar


Maillard reaction is an imperative reaction that produces flavoring compounds in various food items. Additionally, some toxic compounds are also formed during this non- enzymatic reaction that mainly includes acrylamide and hydroxymethyl furfural. Current research was conducted to detect the concentration of acrylamide production during Maillard reaction in various model systems as well as in bakery items. Moreover, the reduction of acrylamide concentration by using various mitigation strategies was also included in the study plan. For the purpose, Maillard model systems were prepared by utilization of amino acids and reducing sugars. Two amino acids, glutamine and asparagine and two reducing sugars, glucose and fructose were taken and model systems were prepared by heating the samples in Reflux apparatus for 1 hr followed by Clevenger apparatus for 4-6 hrs in the presence of dichloromethane (solvent). About 1ml sample was obtained by evaporation of separated solution in rotary evaporator. Then, acrylamide was examined by using the technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Subsequently, mitigation strategies like vacuum oven, calcium chloride and pectin were applied on these model systems and acrylamide was analyzed. Maximum acrylamide concentration was observed by GC-MS in control i.e., 22.37±1.9μg/g, while minimum (3.51±0.5μg/g) was recorded in pectin-treated model system. On the basis of model systems, minimum concentration (9.63±8.1μg/g) was examined in Fructose-Glutamine model system. The two; pectin-treated Fructose/Glutamine (F/Gm) and Glucose/Glutamine (G/Gm) model systems that contained very low amount of acrylamide were selected for further safety and product analysis. For the safety assessment, two selected model systems were added in water as 0.5 and 1% concentration and given to four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats. Control model system, F/Gm that contained less amount of acrylamide was given to the fifth group. Serum analysis, liver function tests, protein tests and renal function tests were performed. It was revealed that minimum values of AST and ALT were observed in group 2 (0.5% pectin-treated G/Gm model system) i.e., 85.33±3.5 and 71.00±3.0IU/L, respectively due to less acrylamide formation. Minimum serum total protein was recorded as 4.73±0.1g/dL in group 3 (1% pectin- treated G/Gm model system), correspondingly. Minimum A/G ratio (0.87±0.12) was recorded in group 1 (control) due to high acrylamide production. Urea explicated significant variation from group 1 (control) to group 5 (1% pectin-treated F/Gm model system) i.e., 92.67±4.0 to 40.00±7.9mg/dL, respectively. Afterwards, bakery products, bread, cookies and chapatti were prepared by using 0.5 and 1% concentration of F/Gm and G/Gm model systems. Acrylamide concentration was determined in bread by using GC-MS and it was found that minimum value of acrylamide (0.07±0.08μg/g) was recorded in T 4 (1% pectin-treated F/Gm model system). Acrylamide content was decreased from 1.93±1.9 to 0.88±1.5μg/g during the entire study. In cookies, minimum acrylamide concentration (0.09±0.09μg/g) was recorded in T 4 (1% pectin-treated F/Gm model system). The acrylamide content was decreased from 1.17±1.6 to 0.52±0.6μg/g during the entire study. In chapattis, high acrylamide concentration (2.39±0.35μg/g) was observed in T 0 (control). Conversely, minimum value of acrylamide concentration (0.11±0.10μg/g) was recorded in T 4 (1% pectin-treated F/Gm model system). Acrylamide content was reduced from 1.4±0.9 to 0.80±0.8μg/g during the entire storage period in chapattis. So, it is concluded that pectin-treated model systems reduced higher quantity of acrylamide content as compared to other mitigation strategies.
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سی حرفی: ہجر فراق سوہنے یار دے وچ

سی حرفی
(ہجر فراق سوہنے یار دے وچ)
الف
اﷲ نوں یاد کریوے، جس ایہہ جگت اوپایا ای
چن سورج دے دور نرالے، ہر جا ہکو سایا ای
رنگ برنگی خلق بنائی، کجھ شمار نہ آیا ای
ہوئی حنیف خلائق پیدا، ’’کُن‘‘ جاں رب فرمایا ای

ب
بندوق چلا غماں دی، آپ گیوں کتھ جائی اوئے
نین وکھا نشیلے، کجلے، اگ برہوں دی لائی اوئے
مار وچھوڑا ذبح کریندا، درداں چھری وگائی اوئے
باہجھ تیرے دل جانی، لگے دنیا سب پرائی اوئے

ت
تہمت جے پیار تیرے دی، اوندی سر تے چاندا میں
پیار تیرے وچ کر قربانی، جندڑیگھول گھماندا میں
کجھ وساہ ہوندا جے تیرا، دل دے زخم وکھاندا میں
یار حنیف جے مخلص ہوندا، لا کے کیوں پچھتاندا میں

ث
ثواب کمائیے نیکی، شہر مدینے جائیے جی
پڑھیے نعت نبیؐ سرور دی، پاک درود پہنچائیے جی
روضہ پاک محمدؐ والا چل کے درشن پائیے جی
آکھ حنیف نبیؐ دے صدقے چل گناہ بخشائیے جی

ج
جگاں تے جیوے سوہنا، سوہنیاں شاناں والا نی
صورت دے وچ ہے لاثانی، دنیا کنوں نرالا نی
دکھ تکلیف نہ آوس تتی وا نہ لگس شالا نی
نام حنیف لے جیواں اس دا، پیار دی جپ کے مالا نی

ح
حرص دی دنیا ظالم، آخر ہونا فانی ایں
دنیا دولت پچھے نسے، خلقت ہوئی دیوانی ایں
اس دنیا وچ دل لا رکھنا، ویکھو کیڈ نادانی ایں
میت حنیف نہ قدراں پایاں، رُہڑ گئی جند نمانی ایں

خ
خادم، باندی، سکدی رہندی، پلکاں فرش وچھائیاں نی
بدھے ہتھ کریندی عرضاں، یار کیوں دیراں لائیاں نی
بھارے بھار برہوں دے چائے، آئیاں پیش جدائیاں نی
دے دیدار حنیف پیارے، موت نے پھیریاں پائیاں نی

د
دکھاں سنگ...

الشفاء بتعریف حقوقِ مصطفیٰ ﷺ کا تعارفی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ An Analytical Study of the “Al-Shifā Ba Ta‘rīf-e-Ḥuqūq-e-Muṣṭafā”

The most prominent and living name among the African biographers is Qazi Ayaz Mālkī. His book “Al-Shifā Ba Ta‘rīf-e-Ḥuqūq-e-Muṣṭafā” has an important place in the books of Sīrah and also has the status of the most popular book among all kinds of people. This book is also called Kitab-e-Shifā (meaning the one who revives hearts and heals from heart diseases). The reason for writing this book was that the people were becoming oblivious to the obligatory status and virtues of the Holy Prophet ﷺ and were becoming completely incapable of paying their dues. In these circumstances, the demand for preparation and compilation of a collection of rights and manāqibs related to it became intense and he compiled this magnificent book. On the one hand, it teaches love and respect for the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and on the other hand, it mentions his rights and rewards for fulfilling them. The writing style of the book is simple and smooth as well as eloquent. The book is not so long that it would be too long for the reader to comprehend, nor is it so short that it would not be possible to get access to the concepts and demands due to its brevity. The people have made this book their favorite and have been studying it and the biographers have adopted Al-Shifā as an authoritative and reliable source. Because of its importance and usefulness, an introductory and analytical study of this book will be presented in this article.

Biomonitoring of Lead Pb 2+ and Cadmium Cd 2+ Pollution Emitting from Automobiles on Motorway M-3 and National Highway N-5 , Pakistan

A study was carried out to estimate metal pollution lead and cadmium (Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ ) emitting from automobiles and selection of suitable metal indicators which reflect the pollution level in the atmosphere. Two roads i.e. Motorway (M-3) and National Highway (N- 5) were selected for the purpose of study. The dust and plant samples were collected and Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ contents were recorded at five selected sites of M-3 and N-5. The dust and plant samples 50 m away from both roads were kept as reference control while soil control were taken 15 m away due to irrigated field started and analyzed for Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ profile. The maximum Pb 2+ concentration (conc.) i.e. 0.00075 mg g -1 was observed in dust samples of Hojan Town and minimum conc. (0.00016 mg g -1 ) was recorded in Kamalpur Sargodha road. The data collected from N-5 showed maximum Pb 2+ conc. (0.000244 mg g -1 ) at ZIS-textiles and minimum Pb 2+ conc. (0.00042 mg g -1 ) for roadside side dust samples. The maximum Pb 2+ conc. (0.00044 mg g -1 ) was found in roadside soil of Hojan town than that of control (0.00018 mg g -1 ) at M-3 while the high Pb 2+ value (0.0032 mg g -1 ) for roadside soil samples of Sitara valley was followed by conc. (0.00021 mg g -1 ) recorded for Chak. No. 60 Saudagarpur to their respective controls at N-5. All the gas exchange attributes like photosynthetic and transpiration rate, stomatal conductance (g s ), internal Carbon dioxide concentration (C i ), water use efficiency (WUE) of roadside plants on both roads decreased for plants which were growing away from the roadside. A decrease was also estimated in total soluble sugars, total free amino acids and total soluble proteins in all the under study plants on both roads. The Pb 2+ conc. was high in smoke samples of bus and coach at Pindi Bhattian Interchange on M-3 and same conc. was noted at Gutwala interchange at N-5. The C. procera accumulated more Pb 2+ (0.0024 mg g -1 ) in their unwashed leaves while 0.00017 mg g -1 was found in washed leaves however low Pb 2+ conc. was noticed in P. robelenii at M- 3 while at N-5, N. oleander accumulated more Pb 2+ i.e. 0.00186 mg g -1 in their leaves while less accumulation of Pb 2+ (0.0012 mg g -1 ) was noticed in unwashed leaves of P. hysterophorus. The high Cd 2+ contents (0.000024 mg g -1 ) were found in unwashed leaves of C. ciliaris and low conc. (0.000016 mg g -1 ) was recorded in C. procera at M-3 while high deposition of Cd 2+ i.e. 0.00007 mg g -1 was noticed in P. hysterophorus and low Cd 2+ traces (0.00002 mg g -1 ) was measured in unwashed leaves of C. ciliaris at N-5.