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Home > Occurrence, Toxicity and Prevention of Acrylamide in Model Systems and Baked Products

Occurrence, Toxicity and Prevention of Acrylamide in Model Systems and Baked Products

Thesis Info

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Author

Aziz, Mahwash

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1207

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726790803

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Maillard reaction is an imperative reaction that produces flavoring compounds in various food items. Additionally, some toxic compounds are also formed during this non- enzymatic reaction that mainly includes acrylamide and hydroxymethyl furfural. Current research was conducted to detect the concentration of acrylamide production during Maillard reaction in various model systems as well as in bakery items. Moreover, the reduction of acrylamide concentration by using various mitigation strategies was also included in the study plan. For the purpose, Maillard model systems were prepared by utilization of amino acids and reducing sugars. Two amino acids, glutamine and asparagine and two reducing sugars, glucose and fructose were taken and model systems were prepared by heating the samples in Reflux apparatus for 1 hr followed by Clevenger apparatus for 4-6 hrs in the presence of dichloromethane (solvent). About 1ml sample was obtained by evaporation of separated solution in rotary evaporator. Then, acrylamide was examined by using the technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Subsequently, mitigation strategies like vacuum oven, calcium chloride and pectin were applied on these model systems and acrylamide was analyzed. Maximum acrylamide concentration was observed by GC-MS in control i.e., 22.37±1.9μg/g, while minimum (3.51±0.5μg/g) was recorded in pectin-treated model system. On the basis of model systems, minimum concentration (9.63±8.1μg/g) was examined in Fructose-Glutamine model system. The two; pectin-treated Fructose/Glutamine (F/Gm) and Glucose/Glutamine (G/Gm) model systems that contained very low amount of acrylamide were selected for further safety and product analysis. For the safety assessment, two selected model systems were added in water as 0.5 and 1% concentration and given to four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats. Control model system, F/Gm that contained less amount of acrylamide was given to the fifth group. Serum analysis, liver function tests, protein tests and renal function tests were performed. It was revealed that minimum values of AST and ALT were observed in group 2 (0.5% pectin-treated G/Gm model system) i.e., 85.33±3.5 and 71.00±3.0IU/L, respectively due to less acrylamide formation. Minimum serum total protein was recorded as 4.73±0.1g/dL in group 3 (1% pectin- treated G/Gm model system), correspondingly. Minimum A/G ratio (0.87±0.12) was recorded in group 1 (control) due to high acrylamide production. Urea explicated significant variation from group 1 (control) to group 5 (1% pectin-treated F/Gm model system) i.e., 92.67±4.0 to 40.00±7.9mg/dL, respectively. Afterwards, bakery products, bread, cookies and chapatti were prepared by using 0.5 and 1% concentration of F/Gm and G/Gm model systems. Acrylamide concentration was determined in bread by using GC-MS and it was found that minimum value of acrylamide (0.07±0.08μg/g) was recorded in T 4 (1% pectin-treated F/Gm model system). Acrylamide content was decreased from 1.93±1.9 to 0.88±1.5μg/g during the entire study. In cookies, minimum acrylamide concentration (0.09±0.09μg/g) was recorded in T 4 (1% pectin-treated F/Gm model system). The acrylamide content was decreased from 1.17±1.6 to 0.52±0.6μg/g during the entire study. In chapattis, high acrylamide concentration (2.39±0.35μg/g) was observed in T 0 (control). Conversely, minimum value of acrylamide concentration (0.11±0.10μg/g) was recorded in T 4 (1% pectin-treated F/Gm model system). Acrylamide content was reduced from 1.4±0.9 to 0.80±0.8μg/g during the entire storage period in chapattis. So, it is concluded that pectin-treated model systems reduced higher quantity of acrylamide content as compared to other mitigation strategies.
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اردو تنقید کے بنیاد گزار (محمد حسن عسکری)

اردو تنقید کے بنیاد گزار(محمد حسن عسکری)
محمد حسن عسکری کی ادبی زندگی کا آغاز۱۹۳۹ء میں ہوا اور جنوری ۱۹۷۸ء میں اپنے انتقال سے دو روز قبل تک مسلسل لکھتے رہے تھے،ان کی ابتدائی شہرت افسانہ نگار کی تھی۔مگر اپنے پہلے افسانوی مجموعہ"جزیرے"(۱۹۴۳ئ)اس کے اختتامیے پر جو کچ لکھا ،آج بھی ناصرف فکشن بلکہ زندگی،ادب، ثقافت اور مشرق و مغرب کے تہذیبی امتیازکے بارے میں ان کے پختہ تنقیدی شعورکا ایک بے مثال نمونہ ہے۔
محمد حسن عسکری کئی حیثیتوں کیمالک ہیںمگر سب سے زیادہ اہمیت ان کی تنقید نگاری کو حاصل ہے تاہم ان کی تنقید جتنی توجہ کی مستحق تھی اس سیمحروم رہی۔شاید اس کا سبب ان کا تیکھا طنزیہ آمیز انداز بیان ہے کہ اس کی زد سے کم ہی مصنف بچے ہوں گے۔ایک اور سبب یہ کہ ان نقطہ نظر میں جو تبدیلی آئی اسے لوگوں نے مصلحت اور خود غرضی ٹھہرایا اور ان سے بے نیازی کا رویہ اختیار کرلیا۔
ان کا مطالعہ بہت وسیع تھامگر ادب کے سلسلے میں ان کے نظریات مستعارلیے ہوئے نہیں بلکہ ان کے اپنے تھے اور مسلسل غوروفکر کا نتیجہ تھے۔ یہ غوروفکر بھی جاری رہا اور مطالعہ بھی اس لیے ان کے خیالات میں مسلسل تبدیلی آتی رہی۔وہ انگریزی ادب کے معلم تھے بطور خاص انھیں انگریزی ادب کا مطالعہ کرنے کا موقع ملا مگروہانگریزی ادب سے مرعوب نہیں ہوئے۔انہوں نے فرانسیسی زبان بھی سیکھی اور اہم تصانیف تک رسائی حاصل کی۔جس زمانے میں وہ انگریزی اور فرانسیسی ادب کے مطالعے میں منہمک تھے، ان کا نقطہ نظر یہ تھا:
"ساری انسانیت ہمیشہ سے ایک ہے اور ایک رہے گی۔ اس لیے مشرق اور مغرب کے درمیان کوئی فرق نہیں۔سائنس نے سارے فرق مٹا دیے ہیں اور انسانیت کوایک خاندان بنادیا ہے۔اس لیے مشرق اور مغرب کے فرق پر غور کرنا بے معنی ہے۔"
شروع...

شیخ عبدالحق محدث دہلوی کی علمی خدمات، منہج واسلوب اورعوامی مقبولیت و اثرات؛ ایک تحقیقی جائزہ A Research Review of the Work of Sheikh Abdul Haq Muḥaddith Dehlavi, It’s Style, Public Populaity & Influence

Sheikh Abdul Haq Muḥaddith Dehlavi is one of the prominent muhaddithin of the Subcontinent. He has played an unforgettable role in the leadership of the Ummah. His writings consist of God's benevolence, justice, and solving People’s problems so that they can look at their defects and focus on building their lives. He discussed topics related to the nation; do not follow useless philosophy and false interpretations which do not benefit a common man. Along with the reformed works, He has also left behind a large collection on technical topics. He wrote books on important and technical topics such as Tafseer, Tajweed, Hadith, Beliefs, Jurisprudence, Sufism, Ethics, Actions, Philosophy, History, Biography, etc. Sheikh Abdul Haq Muhaddith Dehlavi has priority in teaching and publishing the knowledge of Hadith. In the context of the publication of the knowledge of hadith, his two commentaries Mishkwat al-Masabih, Ishaat al-Lamaat and Lamaat al-Tanqeeh, has a special place. In the said article, an introduction and methodological study of the work done by Sheikh Abdul Haq will be presented.

The Application of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria As Biofertilizer for Cereal Crops Wheat, Rice and Maize of District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) from the rhizosphere of cereal crops at Swat and to assess their impact on plant growth when used as inoculants. A total of 18 bacterial strains were isolated from roots and rhizosphere of cereal crops. On the basis of colony and cell morphology, 4 strains were identified as Azospirillum, 11 as Pseudomonas strains and three strains remained un-identified. With the exception of 3 strains, all isolates showed IAA production in pure culture. Three bacterial strains (Azospirillum brasilense strain R1, Azospirillum lipoferum strain RSWT1 and Pseudomonas strain Ky1) were used to inoculate two varieties of wheat (Inqilab 91 and Fakhre Sarhad), two varieties of rice (Fakhre Malakand and JP 5) and one variety of maize (Pahari) at two experimental sites in Swat (ARIN Mingora and Udigram). Among the bacterial strains tested in the present study, Azospirillum brasilense strain R1 was more effective in plant growth promotion than other strains for both wheat and rice varieties. Azospirillum lipoferum strain RSWT1 showed more positive response than other strains on the yield and growth of maize variety Pahari. The plant height of wheat variety Inqilab 91 was significantly increase up to 18.5 % with Azospirillum brasilense strain R1 as compared to non-inoculated control ones. The increase in plant height with Azospirillum lipoferum strain RSWT1 was 14.7 % and with Pseudomonas Ky1 9.6 %. The number of grains/spike, root and shoot weight and biological yield of the plants inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense strain R1, Azospirillum lipoferum strain RSWT1 and Pseudomonas Ky1 were significantly greater as compared to control treatment. In case of wheat variety Fakhre Sarhad, the inoculation strains also showed positive effects on the growth and yield. At ARIN Mingora, Swat, inoculation of rice variety Fakre Malakand with Azospirillum brasilense strain R1 increased the straw weight by 16.6 %, grain weight by 22.7 % over control. Inoculation of rice variety JP 5 with Azospirillum brasilense strain R1 showed 19 % increase in the straw weight and 39.5 % increase in the grain weight. At this experimental site, inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum strain RSWT1 and Pseudomonas strain Ky1 increased grain weight by 4.8 – 13.5 % and 17.3 –18.5 % respectively of the rice varieties Fakre Malakand and JP5. At Udigram, Swat, inoculation of rice variety Fakre Malakand with Azospirillum brasilense strain R1 increased the straw weight by 14.2 % and grain weight by 22 % over control. In the rice variety JP 5, any significant beneficial effect of inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum strain RSWT1 and Pseudomonas strain Ky1 was not observed whereas inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense strain R1 showed positive results of 15.5 % and 27.4 % increase over control in straw weight and grain weight respectively. The rice variety JP 5 was more responsive to the inoculated strains than rice variety Fakre Malakand. In case Of maize variety Pahari, plant height was significantly increase up to 8.82 % with Azospirillum lipoferum strain RSWT1 and with Azospirillum brasilense strain R1 up to 6.52% as compared to non-inoculated control ones. The number of ears/plant, number of grains/ear, number of leaves/plant and stem thickness and 1000 grain weight were significantly affected by bacterial inoculation.