متقدمین و متاخرین فقہا کی آراء کی روشنی میں مال حرام کا منافع

Islam teaches its follower purification in every walk of life, be itassociated with creed, character, worship or economic activities; it is advised that they should avoid contaminated substance. Unlawful income (Maal-eHaram) is also prohibited by sharia to be earned or kept in custody; . However types of unlawful income are more than few, for instance riba, robbery, bribery etc and Sharia scholars have different views about each one of them, similarly opinions of sharia scholars are also different on profit earned on the lawful investment of unlawful income. In this paper, sharia guidelines regarding lawful and unlawful income is presented, different types of unlawful income and views of sharia scholars regarding the income and profit earnedfrom the investment of the same are mentioned with arguments, in the end suggestions are given in light of present era regarding each type of unlawful income.

Evaluation of Biosensing and Antimicrobial Applications of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles

Understanding is on the rise concerning the use of nanomaterials environmental/health management solutions. In the current study, silver and gold nanoparticles (AgNPs and AuNPs respectively) were prepared for this purpose and characterized with UV–visible, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering and zeta potential. First, spherical and prism colloidal AgNPs were capped with poly-L-arginine and tested for their biological activity. Prism shaped AgNPs exhibited stronger growth inhibitory effects against E.coli, P. aeruginosa and S. enterica, where MBC was 0.65 μg/mL), whereas it was 2.7 μg/mL for spherical ones. Maximum mortality percentage of HeLa cell line was 80% for AgNP-prism nanocomposite, capped with poly L arginine and polyvinyl pyrollidone (PLA-PVP) at 11 mg/mL concentration. It was also found that PVP capped AgNP nanoprisms were able to detect mercury (Hg2+) by colorimetric estimation (blue to yellow color); TEM and spectrophotometry revealed the change in morphology of the prismatic to spherical shaped AgNPs; energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) also confirmed the formation of nano-alloy with Hg2+. Linear relationship was found between surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the position shift of the AgNP nanoprisms and Hg2+ (Conc. 0-5 μmol/L conc.; detection limit, 0.5 μmol/L; pH, 7 – 9). Additionally, AuNP nanoshell conjugates were using for their biosensing capacity for bacteria, such as E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. enterica and S. aureus. by colorimetric method (color change, yellow to red); bacterial concentrations upto 10 CFU/mL could be detected easily. AuNP-conjugates comprised of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) capped AuNP nanoshells , conjugated with the enzyme, β-galactosidase. The bacterial surfaces (bearing electronegative surface functional groups) could electrostatically attract CTAB capped AuNP nanoshells, whereas the enzyme, β-galactosidase was freed meanwhile. Here, chlorophenol-red-β-D-galactopyranoside (CPRG), which is yellow in color, was used as substrate to attract β-galactosidase (freed from the AuNP nanoshell complex), resulting in red chromophore chlorophenol red. With the increased concentration of bacterial cell, more absorption was seen by spectrophotometer, which clearly proved our hypothesis. Hence our studies suggest the possible antibacterial, biosensing, and anticancer applications of AgNPs and AuNPs.