In modern science and technology the glow discharges have a wide varity of applications. In microelectronics industry the glow discharges are used for etching of surfaces to from topographical surface features, as well as for deposition of thin films. In material processing industry the glow discharges are used extensively for deposition of various thin films, coatings and surface layers. In the present work the diagnostics of pulsed DC generated nitrogen-hydrogen mixture plasma, using an Active Screen Cage is performed so that the optimum working conditions for the purpose of material processing are obtained. Trace rare gas optical emission spectroscopy is used to investigate the effect of current density, filling pressure and hydrogen concentration for the measurement of excitation temperature, vibrational temperature, dissociation fraction and nitrogen atom density. The nitrogen plasma is generated by using 50 Hz pulsed-DC power source. The excitation temperature is determined from Ar-I line intensities, using Boltzmann’s plot method. It has been observed that the excitation temperature increases with both current density and hydrogen concentration, where as it decreases with filling pressure. In order to find out the vibrational temperature of the second positive ?ʋ(?3??,?́→?3??,?̋) system, the Δ? = -2 sequence is used due to comparatively longer lifetime (τ ~ 36 ns) using Boltzmann’s plot method. The behavior of the vibrational temperature remains similar like in the case of excitation temperature. The nitrogen dissociation fraction is calculated using actinometery and line ratio methods. It is observed that the dissociation fraction increases by adding 40% of hydrogen in the nitrogen plasma and then upon further increase of hydrogen concentration it decreases sharply. The atomic density of nitrogen is also calculated using actinometery method, which also increase with hydrogen concentration up to 40% hydrogen in the mixture. Using the optimum condition of current density, filling pressure and hydrogen concentration, different types of steels including AISI 316, AISI 304, mild steel and high xviii carbon steel are nitrided in the presence of the active screen cage. The treated samples are analysed by X-ray diffractrometery (XRD) to investigate the changes in the crystallographic structure. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to investigate the surface morphology of the plasma irradiated samples, where the changes in the surface hardness are measured by Vickers microhardness tester. The XRD pattern of all the samples confirms the presence of nitrides with iron, carbon and chorimum. Microhardness results reveal a 3-7 times harder surface for different samples. The nitrogen mass transfer mechanism in active screen cage plasma nitriding process is also investigated using optical emission spectroscopy. The dominant species including NH, Fe-I, ?2+, N-I and N2 along with ??and ?? lines are observed using optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The factor of sample treatment time for both of Active screen cage and DC plasma nitriding of AISI 316 stainless steel are investigated. Increasing trend in microhardness is observed in both cases but three-fold more hardness is achieved using Active Screen Cage in comparision to direct current plasma nitriding. On the basis of metallurgical and OES observations a new phenomelogical scheme for a nitrogen mass transfer mechanism in active screen cage plasma nitriding process is proposed
جیہڑا چوٹ عشق دی کھا گیا اوہو پنڈ دکھاں دی چا گیا جیہڑا توبہ کر پچھتا گیا اوہ سوہنے رب نوں بھا گیا جس درشن کیتا یاراں دا اوہ سارے لطف اٹھا گیا اس رب نوں وی پہچان لیا جیہڑا اپنے آپ نوں پا گیا تیرا ویکھ کے نظر چرا لینا میرا جگر کلیجہ کھا گیا جیہڑا پنڈ دکھاں دی پڑھ لیندا دکھیاں وچ نام لکھا گیا تیرا نام حنیف دا لے لینا میری جندڑی نوں تڑفا گیا
This research article consist unique study regarding constitution of Human being character building in the thoughts of eminent philosopher Shah Wali Ullah (1703-1764). In present critique the focus has been made to explore how individual characters build in the specific environments? How surrounding effects on the character building? Moreover linkage of Islamic ‘IB└DA and its positive impact on the Muslim society has been explored. In interpretation of Shah Wali Ullah, All ‘IB└DA are like tools which lead to generate four basic ethics i.e purity and transparency capitulation, gainful and abstinence. These are the basic moral code which are the ultimate result of the four kind of ‘IB└DA i.e prayer, fasting, zakat and hajj. Muslim has inestimable inner power in the form of six lat┐’ef )اطلفئ, )which ultimately resulted upon the change of behavior. Character building are etiquettes, noble practices, decentness and good morality. It is generally refers to a code of conduct, that an individual group or society hold as authoritative in distinguishing right from wrong. Ethics are phenomenon values and can develop up to reasonable universal standards. Conduct in Islam governs all aspects of life and specifically addresses such principles as truthfulness, honesty, trust, sincerity, brotherhood and justice, while Islam forbid false, conspiracy, dodge, rude, irascibility, corruption. To materialize the virtues and disgrace the fake a role model prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) were deputed from Allah to guide the human being. So In present article character building in the theory of Shah Wali Ullah especially while in other Muslims scholars in general has diagnosed.
Exogenous shocks have been studied in organization studies literature to investigate specific events that trigger sensemaking in organizations. The focus of majority of this research is how these triggers create discontinuity in the organizational routines and how actors make sense of these events to restore order. However, this narrow focus ignores the impact of multiple intensities of exogenous shocks that trigger sensemaking across different levels in an organization and the key role of enactment in organizational transformation and changes in internal organizational control. To address these theoretical gaps, this dissertation focuses on a large public-sector organization – Punjab Irrigation Department (PID), Pakistan – to empirically investigate the impact of multiple exogenous shocks of different magnitudes that triggered a process of sensemaking resulting in the organizational transformation with changes in internal organizational control. More specifically, this dissertation explores research questions related to distributed sensemaking across different hierarchical levels, enactment of sensemaking of various groups of actors, systematic differences in sensemaking across these groups of actors and the power asymmetries within these groups through an interpretive research methodology. The research design consisted of three cases of exogenous shocks that were witnessed by the PID in the last two decades. For the first case, i.e. the 2010 flood, I conducted a pilot study for six months of the flood affected districts in the province of Punjab. It was supplemented by in depth interviews with officials from PID during the main study. The second case consisted of institutional reforms in PID for which I conducted a longitudinal study to understand how reforms have evolved over a period of last twenty years. The last case consisted of inclusion of external stakeholders in the maintenance and repair works in iii PID. I conducted interviews with PID staff and the external stakeholders to understand their role in the organizational transformation. I coded all the data of interviews in MAXQDA to conduct qualitative thematic content analysis. I then analyzed the main themes from the data using multiple theoretical perspectives to develop my findings. My analysis shows the enactment of sensemaking of these exogenous shocks varied across different hierarchical levels in the PID. Actors at different hierarchical levels used the ambiguity and uncertainty of the situations to enhance their sphere of control in the organization. The role of identity and systemic powers by virtue of their designation played a key role in the strategic action they engaged in to enact changes in the organizational routines. In doing so, this dissertation contributes to the institutional change/transformation research in the field of organization studies by providing in-depth context-specific analysis of enacted sensemaking in a large public-sector organization. Moreover, this research also adds valuable insights about how power asymmetries in organizations impact the process of institutional maintenance and change.