Fixation reactions in calcareous soil reduce the concentration of soluble phosphorus (P) and affect crop growth. The study was aimed at finding out the reason that how pre-mixing of different P fertilizer sources [i.e. Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Phosphoric acid (PA)] with farmyard manure (FYM at 400 mg kg-1 soil) affect their availability in soil and thereby productivity of wheat crop. Various rates (at 0, 18, 36 and 54 mg P kg-1) of the fertilizers were tested alone (designated as PA & DAP) and along with the manure (PA+FYM & DAP+FYM). The amended soil was incubated for seven weeks (at 25±1 oC & 70% water holding capacity) and thereafter 32P dilution kinetics were measured using Freundlich kinetic model to describe gross amount of diffusible P ions present at soil solid (Pr). The experimental treatments induced change in Pr (ΔPr) values wherein the highest P application as PA+FYM produced maximum ΔPr (59%, over control), followed by DAP+FYM treatment (52%, over control). In greenhouse, highest P rate as PA+FYM produced maximum P use efficiency (24%), greatest P uptake (201.2 mg pot-1) and highest grain yield (44.1 g pot-1) of wheat. The results clearly suggest premixing phosphate fertilizer with FYM as a viable technique to increase P supply from soil and enhance productivity of wheat grown in alkaline calcareous soil. Mixing of phosphate fertilizer with FYM in calcareous soil was also evaluated to optimize P availability for improving productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum). In second study, PA and DAP were applied to soil at 36 mg P kg–1, either alone or after mixing with double amount of FYM (i.e. 1:2 ratio on w/w basis). After 45-day incubation, P concentration in soil solution (Cp) and that of exchangeable P ions (E-value) present at solid-solution interface were determined to evaluate the impact on total plant-available pool. The FYM-amended fertilizers, i.e. PA+FYM and DAP+FYM showed highest values for Cp (3.2 and 2.7 mg P L–1, respectively) and E-value (114 and 97 mg kg–1 soil, respectively). Similarly, FYM-amended fertilizers produced higher P utilization and wheat yield as compared to their sole application. The PA+FYM (followed by DAP+FYM) exhibited maximum proportion of P derived from applied fertilizer (Pdff = 51.5 %) and greatest P actually taken up by wheat seedlings (L-value = 72.1 mg kg-1 biomass). Consequently, PA+FYM treatment produced highest grain yield (40.7 g pot–1), P uptake (162 mg pot–1) and P use efficiency (24.6%), which were generally at par with DAP+FYM treatment. The regression analysis revealed strong and positive correlation of L-value with grain yield (r =0 .86), biological yield (r = 0.84) and P use efficiency (r = 0.87) in wheat crop. In third study, two-years (2015-16 & 2016-17) field trials have shown that application of phosphoric acid (PA) at 54 kg P ha-1 along with farm-yard manure (FYM) produced maximum wheat grain (5159 kg ha-1) which was 23% higher over its sole application. Phosphorus uptake was increased with the increase in P rates (18, 36, 54 kg P ha-1) which was usually associated to higher grain yield than P concentration in grain. The manure amended inorganic P fertilizers were found more effective in P uptake and grain yield than their sole application. In greenhouse, a similar trend as occurred in field condition was observed for P recovery and biomass production. The manure amended PA (followed by diammonium phosphate) exhibited maximum P derived from applied fertilizer (Pdff = 40.03%) by a 45-day old wheat plant, as determined by 32P labelling technique. Efficiency of P fertilizers [i.e. P agronomic efficiency (PAE) and P recovery efficiency (PRE)] were found lowest at highest P rate (54 kg P ha-1). However, co-amended phosphate fertilizers showed higher PRE and PAE as compared to their sole application. Therefore, manure amended phosphate fertilizers application seems appropriate to attain higher P availability from soil, improve efficiency of inorganic fertilizers and enhance wheat productivity grown in alkaline calcareous soils
حکیم عبد النبی شجرطہرانی حکیم عبد النبی شجرطہرانی(۱۹۶۸۔۱۸۷۲) ہمیر پور جموں میں پیدا ہوئے۔ اصل نام عبد النبی اور شجر تخلص کرتے تھے۔ آپ کے والد دہلی میں طبیب تھے۔۱۹۰۲ء میں آپ نے میڈیکل کالج لکھنؤ سے طب کی سند حاصل کی۔(۶۰) ۱۹۲۰ء میں آپ نے والدین سمیت جموں سے ہجرت کی اور سیالکوٹ میں مستقل سکونت اختیار کی۔ (۶۱) جب شجر میڈیکل کالج لکھنؤ میں طالب علم تھے تو اسی دور میں آپ کو حضرت داغ دہلوی سے تلمذ ہوا۔ اس دور میں شجر اپنا کلام داغ دہلوی کو دکھایا کرتے تھے۔(۶۲) شجر سند یافتہ طبیب تھے۔ آپ فوجی ڈاکٹر کی حیثیت سے برطانوی فوج میں شامل ہوئے۔ مولانا جوہر اور مولانا شوکت علی کے ساتھ تحریکِ خلافت کے دوران متعدد جلسوں میں حصہ لیا۔۱۹۲۰ء میں آپ نے کانگریس کی رکنیت اختیار کی۔ بعد ازاں کانگریس چھوڑ کر مجلسِ احرار میں شامل ہو گئے۔(۶۳) شجر کے عطاء اﷲ شاہ بخاری سے گہرے مراسم تھے جب وہ سیالکوٹ آتے تو شجر کی قیام گاہ پر قیام کرتے۔ شجر نے ۸۰ سال متحرک ادبی زندگی گزاری اور تقریباً ایک لاکھ شعر کہے۔ ان کی باقیات کے پاس ان کے بائیس شعری مسودات محفوظ ہیں لیکن ان کے اکثر مسودے نایاب ہیں اور گم ہو گئے ہیں۔(۶۴) شجر کی زندگی میں ان کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’صبرِ جمیل‘‘ ۱۸ اگست ۱۹۲۸ء کو شائع ہوا۔ اس کا مکمل نام مثنوی سرگزشت یتیم المعروف صبرِ جمیل ہے۔ شجر نے اس میں ایک یتیم کی سرگزشت کو اپنے اشعار میں پیش کیا ہے۔ اس میں صبر‘ استقلال و صداقت‘ تقویٰ و ذہانت‘ عصمت دنیاوی‘ انقلابات اور عروج و زوال جیسے مضامین نہایت خوبی سے نبھائے گئے ہیں۔ دوسراشعری مجموعہ ’’زبانِ فطرت‘‘ جو نظموں پر مشتمل ہے، ۱۹۲۹ء کو مقبول عام پریس لاہور سے منشی غلام احمد نے شائع کیا۔ اس مجموعے میں...
Assessment and the learning process become two intertwined concepts that are impossible to separate. When compared to the other three abilities, reading skills are the most important in English learning. In order to meet the demands of modern teaching development, information and communication technology is required for English language instruction and assessment. The purpose of this study is to examine the requirements of both learners and pursuers in terms of the use of information and communication technology in reading instruction assessment (Reading Assessment). This current study used two data collection technique, namely questionnaires and interviews analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Respondents in this study were selected by purposive sampling involving 70 students and 5 teachers in vocational schools. The results of this study found that (1) The students’ goal and necessities differ, (2) The students are at beginner level at reading skill and have reading word and sentences fluently and correctly, (3) They want familiar contents based on their life, environment and major, (4) The need of information and communication technology both for learning and assessing and (5) Through the product, the English learners would be learning, collaborative and independent. The researcher advised for further researcher to conduct the development the information and communication technology for teaching and assessing English learners in vocational schools.
We report detailed experimental studies on the spectra of barium using the two-step excitation scheme to measure the absolute photoionization cross section from excited states and the optical oscillator strengths of the Rydberg transitions. In addition, the line shapes of the autoionizing resonances have been studied using various channels approached by different intermediate levels and extensive new measurements of the highly excited even parity autoionizing resonances is presented. Furthermore, the proper line shape of the 6p2 1S0 autoionizing resonance has been reported experimentally for the first time. In the first set of experiments, the photoionization cross section from the 6s6p 1,3 P1 excited states have been measured in the energy region from the first ionization threshold up to 1.69 eV excess energy. The experiments have been performed using a thermionic diode ion detector in conjunction with a Nd: YAG laser system. The absolute values of the photoionization cross section from the 6s6p 1P1 and 3P1 excited states at the first ionization threshold have been determined as 90 ± 14 Mb and 102 ± 15 Mb respectively. The studies have been extended to determine the measurements of the oscillator strengths of the 6s6p 1P1 → 6snd 1D2 (20 ≤ n ≤ 76) and 6s6p 3P1 → 6snd 3D2 (20 ≤ n ≤ 63) Rydberg transitions. The measured absolute photoionization cross-sections from the 6s6p 1P1 and 6s6p 3P1 states have been used to calibrate the f-values of the Rydberg transitions. The oscillator strength densities in the continuum corresponding to the 6s6p 3P1 excited state have also been determined. In the next set of experiments, we have investigated how the line shape and width of an autoionizing resonance varies by choosing different excitation paths and a systematic line shape analysis of the 6p7p configuration based 1P1, 3D1 and 3P1 autoionizing resonances are presented. These even parity isolated autoionizing resonances have been accessed via four different intermediate states 6snp 1P1 (6 ≤ n ≤ 8) and 5d6p 1P1. A comparison of the Fano parameters of the resonance profiles reveals that the width of an autoionizing resonance remains constant while the line profile parameter changes with the selection of different intermediate states.