Organizational justice has been preferred for its instrumental, relational and deontic approaches. It is a lens through which employees gather important information about the allocation of resources, interpersonal treatment, organizational procedures and eventually frame cognitive as well as emotional reactions. However, the existing literature is more focused on the distal attitudinal and behavioral outcomes but less attentive to underlying proximal motivations. On basis of extant literature review and arguments grounded in the Social information Processing theory, Social Identity Theory and Conservation of Resources Theory, this study identifies that Self-Concepts (Individual, Relational and Collective) and Psychological Capital act as explanatory mechanism for the influence of organizational justice on job satisfaction, job performance, turnover intentions, OCBI and OCBO. This research model expands the scope of organizational justice research and views it as a social context between organization and employees that leads him/her to feel satisfied with their jobs, deliver good performance, stay with their organizations and display discretionary behaviors. But the influence of organizational justice on job Performance, job satisfaction, OCBO, OCBI, Turnover Intentions is not direct: in this process the employee takes cue from the fairness conditions and formulates his/her relational self-concept as well as Psychological Capital capabilities. Thus relational self-concept fully mediates between interactional justice and job performance, OCBI while partially mediates between Interactional justice and Job Satisfaction as well as OCBO. Furthermore, Psychological Capital partially mediates between Interactional Justice and Turnover Intentions, OCBO while it fully mediates between Interactional Justice and Job Performance, OCBI. Main objective of this study was to test a theoretical and structural model that hypothesizes mediation of tripartite self-concepts and Psychological Capital in the influence of Organizational justice on job satisfaction, job performance, OCBO, OCBI and Turnover Intentions. In addition, this study also identified direct relations between the study variables; of these the influence of interactional justice on both Psychological Capital and Relational self-concepts are important hypotheses, because there is almost no literature available in this context. A survey based methodology was used to test the model; standardized scales were used as measures for the twelve study variables. A pilot study was conducted to test the scale properties. viii A sample of 518 employees was drawn from the education, Telecommunication sector, oil and gas sectors. The model was tested by following the steps of Structural Equation Modelling. The findings of this study advance available knowledge on the selected job outcomes and provide impetus to research in this domain by identifying relational self-concept and Psychological Capital as intervening variables. The study thus extends the application of both relational self-concept and Psychological Capital as organizational variables capable of translating the effects of interactional justice on these five job outcomes. Key words: Interactional Justice, Psychological Capital, Self-Concepts, Job Satisfaction, OCBO, Organizational Justice.
مولوی محمد امین زبیری افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ اردو کے ایک پرانے اہل قلم مولوی محمد امین صاحب زبیری نے کراچی میں انتقال کیا، ان کا وطن مارہرہ تھا، لیکن ان کی عمر کا بڑا حصہ بھوپال میں گزرا وہ ریاست بھوپال کے شعبۂ تاریخ کے مہتمم تھے اور بیگم صاحبہ بھوپال کے تحریری اور تصنیفی کاموں میں بھی مدد دیتے تھے، مولانا شبلی مرحوم سے خاص تعلقات تھے، چنانچہ مکاتیب شبلی میں ان کے نام بہت سے خطوط ہیں، بیگم صاحبہ بھوپال نے سیرۃ النبیؐ کی تالیف کے لئے دوسو ماہوار کی جو امداد مقرر کی تھی اس میں امین زبیری صاحب کی کوشش کو بھی دخل تھا، پھر مولانا شبلی کی وفات کے بعد انہی کی کوشش سے یہ امداد دارالمصنفین کی جانب منتقل ہوگئی اور ان کے تعلقات دارالمصنفین سے بھی برابر قائم رہے، مگر وہ سرسید ان کی پالیسی اور علی گڑھ تحریک کے بڑے پرجوش حامیوں میں تھے، اس کے خلاف کوئی بات سننا گوارا نہ کرتے تھے، اس لیے حیات شبلی کی اشاعت کے بعد ان کو دارالمصنفین سے شکایت پیدا ہوگئی تھی، مگر پھر وہ خود ہندوستان سے ہجرت کرگئے، ان کی پوری زندگی تالیف و تصنیف میں گزری، نواب محسن الملک، نواب وقار الملک، ڈاکٹر ضیاء الدین اور آغا خان کے حالات میں انھوں نے مستقل کتابیں لکھیں، ان کے علاوہ متعدد تصانیف ان کی یادگار ہیں، انتقال کے وقت نوے سال کی عمر تھی، ان کی موت سے ایک پرانی یادگار مٹ گئی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، اکتوبر ۱۹۵۸ء)
The Quranic sciences of interpretations and principles of interpretations were originated in the epoch of holy prophet (saw) but compilation of both were started later. This is called principles of interpretations, which is the basic and important part of Islamic studies. Islamic scholars, commentators and explicators explained the holy Quran in the light of principles of interpretations. These are such basic principles those are guide lines for them so they will not deviate or drop the right way while interpreting and explaining the holy verses. These principles are laid down and followed by them so that they may find the will of Allah and actual meaning of holy Quran. A little difference in principles causes a huge difference in interpretation. Different methodology in principles resulted in many schools of thought. This article focusses on examining these schools of thought found in sub-continent and introduce their main books. This article deals with chronological evolution of said knowledge i.e. Principles of interpretations, and Quranic sciences specially originated by the famous principalities and interpreters of sub-continent.
In a complete financial market we consider the discrete time hedging of the American option with a convex payoff. It is well-known that for the perfect hedging the writer of the option must trade continuously in time which is impossible in practice. In reality, the writer hedges only at some discrete time instants. The perfect hedging requires the knowledge of the partial derivative of the value function of the American option in the underlying asset, explicit form of which is unknown in most cases of practical importance. At the same time several approxima- tion methods are developed for the calculation of the value function of the American option. We establish in this thesis that, having at hand any uniform approximation of the American option value function at the equidistant discrete rebalancing times it is possible to construct a discrete time hedging portfolio the value process of which uniformly approximates the value process of the continuous time perfect delta-hedging portfolio. We are able to estimate the corresponding discrete time hedging error that leads to complete justification of our hedging method for the non-increasing convex payoff functions including the important case of the American put. It is essentially based on a recently found new type square integral estimate for the derivative of an arbitrary convex function by Shashiash [23]. We generalize the latter square integral estimate to the case of the family of the weight functions, satisfying certain conditions.