Organizational justice has been preferred for its instrumental, relational and deontic approaches. It is a lens through which employees gather important information about the allocation of resources, interpersonal treatment, organizational procedures and eventually frame cognitive as well as emotional reactions. However, the existing literature is more focused on the distal attitudinal and behavioral outcomes but less attentive to underlying proximal motivations. On basis of extant literature review and arguments grounded in the Social information Processing theory, Social Identity Theory and Conservation of Resources Theory, this study identifies that Self-Concepts (Individual, Relational and Collective) and Psychological Capital act as explanatory mechanism for the influence of organizational justice on job satisfaction, job performance, turnover intentions, OCBI and OCBO. This research model expands the scope of organizational justice research and views it as a social context between organization and employees that leads him/her to feel satisfied with their jobs, deliver good performance, stay with their organizations and display discretionary behaviors. But the influence of organizational justice on job Performance, job satisfaction, OCBO, OCBI, Turnover Intentions is not direct: in this process the employee takes cue from the fairness conditions and formulates his/her relational self-concept as well as Psychological Capital capabilities. Thus relational self-concept fully mediates between interactional justice and job performance, OCBI while partially mediates between Interactional justice and Job Satisfaction as well as OCBO. Furthermore, Psychological Capital partially mediates between Interactional Justice and Turnover Intentions, OCBO while it fully mediates between Interactional Justice and Job Performance, OCBI. Main objective of this study was to test a theoretical and structural model that hypothesizes mediation of tripartite self-concepts and Psychological Capital in the influence of Organizational justice on job satisfaction, job performance, OCBO, OCBI and Turnover Intentions. In addition, this study also identified direct relations between the study variables; of these the influence of interactional justice on both Psychological Capital and Relational self-concepts are important hypotheses, because there is almost no literature available in this context. A survey based methodology was used to test the model; standardized scales were used as measures for the twelve study variables. A pilot study was conducted to test the scale properties. viii A sample of 518 employees was drawn from the education, Telecommunication sector, oil and gas sectors. The model was tested by following the steps of Structural Equation Modelling. The findings of this study advance available knowledge on the selected job outcomes and provide impetus to research in this domain by identifying relational self-concept and Psychological Capital as intervening variables. The study thus extends the application of both relational self-concept and Psychological Capital as organizational variables capable of translating the effects of interactional justice on these five job outcomes. Key words: Interactional Justice, Psychological Capital, Self-Concepts, Job Satisfaction, OCBO, Organizational Justice.
لے ڈوبا مجھے میرا موبائل نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو!آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کا موقع دیا گیا ہے وہ ہے:’’لے ڈوبا مجھے میرا موبائل ‘‘ جنابِ صدر! سائنسی ایجادات نے تہلکہ مچا رکھا ہے، زندگی کو رنگینیاں عطا کی ہیں ، زندگی کو رعنائیاں نصیب ہوئی ہیں زندگی کے گلشن میں بہار آئی ہے، زندگی کے حسن میں نکھار آیا ہے، زندگی کے بادل گھٹابن کر برسے ہیں۔ صدرِذی وقار! زندگی نئے نہج پر رواں دواں ہے، گھر بیٹھے ہزاروں میل دور کے نظارے کر رہے ہیں ، فلک بوس چوٹیوں کے منظر دیکھ رہے ہیں، مہینوں کا کام گھنٹوں میں کر رہے ہیں ، کوسوں دور بیٹھے عزیز واقارب سے نہ صرف بات کررہے ہیں بلکہ ان کی تصویربھی دیکھ رہے ہیں۔ صدرِ ذی وقار! یہ سب کچھ سائنسی ایجادات کی بدولت ہے لیکن سہولتوں کے ساتھ ساتھ کچھ ایسی ایجادات بھی ہیں جس نے زندگی اجیرن کر رکھی ہے ، سکون برباد کر رکھا ہے، شرفاء کی کشتی بحر ذلت و رسوائی میں ٹامکٹوئیاں مارہی ہے، شرم و حیاء کا لباس اتر چکا ہے، سرکردہ لوگوں کی دستار کا طرہ نظر آنا بند ہو گیا ہے۔ جنابِ صدر! ان جدید ایجادات میں ایک ایجاد ایسی ہے جس کو موبائل کہتے ہیں، میں مانتا ہوں کہ یہ نفسہٖ بری نہیں ہے ، یہ بذاتِ خود غیر اہم نہ ہے، اس کی افادیت بھی مسلمہ ہے، اس کے فوائد بھی گوناگوں ہیں لیکن اس کے غلط استعمال نے اس کی افادیت کے ماہِ ضوفشاں کو گہنا دیا ہے۔ جنابِ صدر! موبائل آج ہر گھر میں ہے، ہرشخص کے پاس تقریباً موجود ہے، اس موبائل نے بجائے محبت و مودت...
This article provides valuable information about the living conditions of Muslims of the Pak-Afghan Region in the context of revisiting Rudyard Kipling’s view of the Great Game of the 19th century between Great Britain and Russia that roughly continued for about a century beginning in the second decade of the 19th century to the signing of the Anglo Russian convention in 1907. In this respect his famous novel, Kim (1901) has been critically examined to establish the political content of his creative work. Coupled with the appreciation of the novel as a great work of art with its many facets and themes, views of Edward Said have been juxtaposed to arrive at a conclusion that the novel is also a celebration of imperialism. In today’s scenario in Central Asia particularly Afghanistan, a revisit of Kipling is an interesting revelation. The discussion also reveals the similarities of the tussle of two centuries back to the realities in the region today. This insight as we appreciate Kipling’s masterpiece novel proves even more eye-catching and real. This paper also examines Peter Hopkirk’s works on the Great Game to historically asses the dialectics of the imperial struggle between the two super powers of the time. In this connection, a brief discussion is available on the three Anglo-Afghan Wars as well as the conflict in Kashgharia. This article presents an overview of the view head by Russians on the conflict which they call Tournament of Shadows or Bolshya Igra involving spies and military personnel. A fresh look at Kipling’s works in general and his novel Kim, in particular, helps explore the very essentials of the working of Imperialism and empire-building, which is the main stay of this paper. A deeper look would understandably unfurl big powers rivalry in general, and the present day security situation in Asia in particular, by going through the works of a great writer; the first Englishman and the youngest recipient for Nobel Prize in Literature (1907).
School and education are the major parts in the life of a student. School plays a leading role to enhance the quality of education. The quality of education is generally measured in the form of a student‘s achievement. The concept of a student‘s achievement depends on the various factors from home to school as has been investigated by previous researches. The concept of students‘ achievements depends on school-affinity that should also be very strong. The current study aims at examine the relationship between schoolaffinity and academic achievement of students at secondary level. For this purpose, an indigenous School-Affinity Scale (SAS) was developed to measure the relationship between school-affinity and its academic achievement. The principal component of analysis (PCA) of school-affinity scale propounded by Varimax reveals six factors of school-affinity which are affinity with; teacher''s personality and profile, school status, affinity with school as a result of school records, peer-group, co-operative learning activities and school management. A standardized procedure was adopted to develop and translate the scale through two phases: Urdu and English version. The psychometric properties yielded SAS a reliable and valid measure. The alpha reliability for the total scale was 0.85. After the finalization of research tool, nine of the items which were not clustered on any factors (item loadings < .35) were excluded from the scale and finally SAS was retained with 31 items. After this, the questionnaire was administered to the students of 1,040 secondary schools of public and private sectors. Multi-stage random sampling technique was selected to choose sample for the study. To collect data, 1,040 schools were selected from 130 selected Tehsils of Punjab province. Questionnaire was administered (irrespective of their gender, discipline and rural and urban divide, belonging to public and private sector of secondary schools) to the students of 10th class by all the Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISEs) in 2015. Collected data with coding scheme of Likert rating scale of 4-point ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (4) was put into SPSS, Version 20. Relationship of school-affinity and demographic variables on academic achievement of students at secondary level were calculated by the use of bivariate factors of Pearson Correlation coefficients at the significant level of 0.05 and 0.01. Independent samples t-test and one way ANOVA followed as a post–Hoc Tests by Bonferroni was used in multiple comparisons. Findings reveal that there is a significant relationship among the subscales of school-affinity and academic achievement. However, it is found that school management has no significant difference with academic achievement of students at secondary level. It was also concluded that demographic information of respondents also played a major role to improve the academic achievement of secondary school students. The current study also suggested further investigations of other school factors that influence the academic achievement of students.