ظاهرة تزويج القاصرات من منظور شرعي

According to traditional-religious-culture the early age marriages are very common custom especially in rural areas. The act of marring girls in early ages is considered to be a good practice in these constituencies; in contrast, the holy Quran has provided some logical guidelines to reject this idea. In the holy Quran “men” are instructed to marry as per their choice, which reveals, it is necessary for a “man” to be adult (Baligh) for marriage. Considering this fact, how it is possible that a man can be permitted to have a non-adult (Nabaligh) life partner? In this regard, marriages between Adult and Non-adult, Non-adult and Non-adult are not permitted because it is against the right of equality. Further, the holy Quran instructs the guardians of the orphans to return them their valuables when reach to the age of Nikah; which reveals that there is a particular standard of age set for Nikah, if it is not so, why the holy Quran has made this bounding for the guardians of the orphans? As per the guidance of the holy Quran, it is clear that Nikah requires both man and women not only to be physically adult/mature but also mentally adult/mature. In this connection, it has been highlighted that Nikah which is a physical contract requires a particular age for man and woman which however cannot be an age of Non-adult.

Influence of Salt Stress on Some Physiological and Biochemical Attributes and Oil Composition of a Potential Oilseed Crop Safflower Carthamus Tinctorius L. .

The principal objectives of the present investigation were to assess inter- cultivar variation for salt tolerance in safflower, draw relationships of various physiological and biochemical attributes to salt tolerance of safflower, identify selection criteria for further improvement in salt tolerance of safflower through specific breeding programs and to appraise whether or not salt stress alters the composition and quality of safflower oil. Different experiments were carried out to assess variation in salt tolerance in 10 accessions (Safflower-31, Safflower-32, Safflower-33, Safflower-34, Safflower-35, Safflower-36, Safflower-37, Safflower-38, Safflower-39, Safflower-78) of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) at varying levels of salt (NaCl) at different growth stages, germination, seedling and adult stages. The results of the germination experiment showed that salt stress had an inhibitory effect on germination percentage and seedling biomass of all 10 accessions. A significant variation in the accessions was observed at the two higher salt levels (180 and 240 mM). While ranking the accessions on the basis of their potential for germination and producing seedling biomass at 240 mM NaCl, lines Safflower- 31 and Safflower-35 were found to be tolerant, Safflower-33, Safflower-37, Safflower-38 and Safflower-78 salt sensitive, and Safflower-32, Safflower- 34, Safflower-36 and Safflower-39 moderately tolerant. To further evaluate safflower lines for their performance at later growth stages, an experiment was conducted using two salt levels (0 control, 150 mM NaCl). Salt stress caused a marked reduction in biomass production, photosynthetic pigments, leaf water relations, gas exchange characteristics, proline content, mineral nutrients, activities of some key antioxidant enzymes, different fatty acids, tocopherol contents and yield attributes. A significant inter-cultivar variation was found in the set of 10 diverse safflower accessions at the adult stage. Although variation for salt tolerance was found at all growth stages, that found at the germination and seedling stage was not maintained at the vegetative or adult growth stages. On the basis of shoot biomass production at the vegetative stage, accession Safflower-37 was ranked as tolerant, while Safflower-31, Safflower-32, Safflower-34, Safflower-39, and Safflower-78 as salt sensitive. In contrast, in terms of seed yield, accessions Safflower- 32, Safflower-34, and Safflower-39 were ranked as tolerant, while Safflower-31, Safflower-33, Safflower-35, Safflower-36, and Safflower-38 as salt sensitive. A positiveassociation of net photosynthetic rate (A) with growth and seed yield was observed in the 10 diverse safflower lines under saline conditions, and thus it could be used as an effective selection criterion for salinity 2 tolerance in safflower.