The study is carried out on the gross anatomy, biometry and radiographic analysis of tarsal bones in twenty specimens of male and female adult Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) at the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan. The tarsus of Chinkara comprises of five bones both grossly and radiographically, settled in three transverse rows viz, tibial and fibular tarsal in the proximal, central and fourth fused tarsal in the middle row, while, the first, second and third fused tarsal in the distal row. The fibular tarsal is the largest and longest bone of the hock, situated on the lateral side and had a bulbous tuber calcis "point of the hock" at the proximal extremity which projects upward and backward. The tibial tarsal bone is the 2nd largest bone of the proximal row, lies on the medial side of the tarsus and bears trochlea at either end. The central and the fourth tarsals are joined to form a large bone which is extended across the entire width of the tarsus and articulates with all bones of the tarsus. The first tarsal is a rectangular piece of bone sited on the posteromedial surface of the hock. The second and third fused tarsal bone resembles the central but is smaller and wedge-shaped. It is situated between the central tarsal bone proximally and the large metatarsal bone distally. The average maximum height and breadth for fibular tarsal, tibial tarsal, central and fourth fused tarsal, first tarsal, second and third fused tarsal are (5.61±0.23 cm and 2.06±0.13 cm), (2.79±0.05 cm and 1.74±0.01 cm), (1.51± 0.13 cm and 2.08±0.07cm), (0.61 ±0.01 cm and 1.10±0.06 cm) and (0.98±0.01 cm and 1.49±0.01 cm), respectively. GROSS AND CLINICAL ANATOMY OF THE SKULL OF ADULT CHINKARA (GAZELLA BENNETTII) The objective of this study was (1) to study gross morphological, osteometric and clinical important landmarks in the skull of adult Chinkara to obtain baseline data and (2) to study sexual dimorphism in male and female adult Chinkara through osteometry. For this purpose, after performing postmortem examination, the carcass of adult Chinkara of known sex and age was buried, after a specific period of time the bones were unearthed. The shape of the Chinkara skull was elongated and had thirty two bones. The skull was comprised of the cranial and the facial part. The facial region of the skull was formed by maxilla, incisive, palatine, vomar, pterygoid, frontal, parietal, nasal, incisive, turbinates, mandible and hyoid apparatus. The bony region of the cranium of Chinkara was comprised of occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid, interparietal, parietal, temporal and frontal bone. The foramina identified in the facial region of the skull of Chinkara were, infraorbital, supraorbital foramen, lacrimal, sphenopalatine, maxillary and caudal palatine foramina. The foramina of the cranium of the Chinkara skull were the internal acoustic meatus, external acoustic meatus, hypoglossal canal, transverse canal, sphenorbital fissure, carotid canal, foramen magnum, stylomastoid foramen, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale and jugular foramen, and the rostral and the caudal foramina that formed the pterygoid canal. The measured craniometric parameters did not show statistically significant differences (p>0.05) between male and female adult Chinkara except palatine bone, OI, DO, IOCDE, OCT, ICW, IPCW, and PCPL were significantly higher (p>0.05) in male than female Chinkara and mean values of the mandibular parameters except b and h were significantly (p< 0.5) higher in male than female Chinkara. Sexual dimorphism exists in some of the orbital and foramen magnum parameters, while high levels of sexual dimorphism identified in mandible. In conclusion, morphocraniometric studies of Chinkara skull made it possible to identify species specific skull and use clinical measurements during practical application.
مولانا قطب الدین عبدالوالی داغ فراق صحبتِ شب کی جلی ہوئی اک شمع رہ گئی تھی سو وہ بھی خموش ہے افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ ہفتہ فرنگی محل لکھنؤ کی ایک محبوب شخصیت اور عریز یادگار اٹھ گئی اور ۲۹ شعبان کو مولانا قطب الدین عبدالوالی نے اس دارفانی کو الوداع کہا، وہ مولانا عبدالباری مرحوم کے بھتیجے، وداماد اور جانشین تھے، ان کی ذات میں ان کے اسلاف کرام کی بہت سی خوبیاں جمع تھیں تعلیم کی تحصیل و تکمیل مدرسہ نظامیہ میں اور اپنے محترم چچا سے کی تھی، اس کے بعد کچھ دنوں تک مدرسہ نظامیہ میں درس و تعلیم کی خدمت انجام دی پھر تحریک خلافت کے زمانہ میں جب فرنگی محل مسلمانوں کی قومی و ملی جدوجہد کا مرکز بنا، تو قطب میاں بھی اس میں شریک ہوگئے، اور خلافت کی تحریک میں نمایاں حصہ لیا، وہ اودھ خلافت کمیٹی کے صدر تھے، اسی زمانہ میں انھوں نے جمعیۃ العلماء کے بعض اجلاسوں کی بھی صدارت کی، مولانا عبدالباری مرحوم کی وفات کے بعد انجمن خدام الحرمین کے صدر ہوگئے، اور مسلمانوں کے قومی و ملی کاموں میں بھی وقتاً فوقتاً حصہ لیتے رہے، مگر ادھر چند سال سے سیاسی تغیرات اور ملک کے حالات کی وجہ سے سیاست سے کنارہ کش ہوگئے تھے، اور تھوڑے دنوں سے صحت کی خرابی کی بنا پر بالکل خانہ نشینی کی زندگی اختیار کرلی تھی۔ ان کی ذات بہت سی اخلاقی خوبیوں کی حامل تھی، اور قدیم خاندانی روایات تو انہی کے دم سے قائم تھیں اخلاق و شرافت فیاضی و مہمان نوازی قدامت و وضعداری خاندانی تعلقات کے لحاظ و احترام وغیرہ میں اپنے بزرگوں کے نقش قدم پر تھے، اور ان میں مولانا عبدالباری مرحوم کی فقیرانہ شان امارت کے جلوے نظر آتے تھے، خاندانی سجادہ انہی کے دم سے آباد تھا مگر...
It is generally agreed that every legal system claims authority, however, the notion of authority is one of the most controversial concepts found in western legal philosophy. There are various distinct problems involved in the notion of authority and the problem of its paradoxes. The first section of the present paper introduces the viewpoints of various western schools of thought and the philosophical analysis of the concept of legitimate authority. The conflict about the concept of legitimate authority reflects their code of life and concept of religions. The second section of the paper presents a study of the origins of the Islamic law as well as the contemporary western legal thoughts in connection with authority. In Islamic law authority-which is at once religious and moral is the will of the Creator which is basic source of Islamic law, however, jurists differentiate between legal and moral values. It concludes with the comparison between Islamic and western notion of authority.
Pathogens and pests always have been and still is a potential threat to agricultural production worldwide. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is nutritionally a balanced staple food; therefore, it has potential to minimize the pressure on cereal crops in Pakistan. Viral diseases are major problem in stable crop production, especially in vegetative propagated plants such as potato where diseases are easily transmitted from one clonal generation to the next. Conventional methods of virus control are limited to use of virus-free seed tubers and chemical control of insect vectors. However, development of resistant cultivar is the only effective, economical and environmentally safe method of disease control. The use of RNA silencing has become the tool of choice for gene silencing in many crop species. The key element of this technology is the discovery of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), diced into small interfering RNAs (siRNA), which is a potent trigger for RNA silencing. By arranging transgenes as inverted repeats encoding self-complementary hairpin RNA (hpRNA), which is diced into siRNA after transcription, it is possible to obtain strong silencing of expression of homologous RNA. Using this technology efficient simultaneous knock-down of multiple genes of three different viruses have been achieved by using a single RNAi construct in potato. In this study, the transgenic resistance in potato was obtained based on the construction of hairpin RNA plant expression cassettes I and II containing the sequences of different genes of three important potato viruses. The cassette I containing the short sequences of Nucleocide Triphosphate binding helicase (NTP) gene of Potato Virus X (PVX), Helper Component Protease (HC-Pro) gene of Potato Virus Y (PVY) and Coat Protein (CP) gene of Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV), while the expression cassette II contains the sequences of CP genes of PVX, PVY and PLRV. The sense and anti-sense fragments of these genes were fused separately to form a chimeric N gene and arranged in an RNAi vector as inverted repeats, under the CaMV 35S promoter, separated by intron. These expression cassettes were transformed separately in potato cv Kuroda and Desiree through Agrobacterium mediated transformation by using Agrobacterium tumefacience strain LBA 4404. Fourteen independent transgenic lines of each cassette were developed and transferred to containment after analysis of T0 transgenic plants by PCR and Southern hybridization for the presence of transgenes. The transgenic expression of these cassettes showed that up to 20 % of the transformed plant lines were resistant and 46 % were tolerant to all three viruses. The analysis of the resistant plants showed accumulation of siRNA as compared to susceptible transgenic and non-transformed control plants. This indicates that the resistance is due to simultaneous RNA silencing of the three target genes in each construct. Overall, the work presented here demonstrates a simple procedure to obtain broad spectrum virus resistance in two commercial potato cultivars Kuroda and Desiree by RNA silencing technology. At present, another independent study is being conducted to multiply and evaluate the field performance of putative transgenic potato lines after obtaining approval of National Biosafety Committee (NBC) of Environment Protection Agency (EPA), Government of Pakistan. In future, studies to improve frequency of developing multiple virus resistant plants could be attempted by extending the transgenes construct with a large number of smaller fragments of target genes. Moreover, it is possible that present strategy can be extended to other plant species to obtain broad spectrum resistance against many other devastating