اسقاط حمل كے شرعى احكام عصری تناظر میں تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Human beings are the masterpieces of the Creator of the universe and He enjoined them to preserve human life. One form of the preservation of life is the utmost care for the rights of even an embryo. The study of the rights of the embryo laid down in the primary scriptures of Islam suggests that the embryo is accorded respect like living people. The rights of children start well before their birth. At present, cases ofabortion are reported daily. Muslim jurists have dwelled on ordinances about abortion for the benefit of people. At present,  medical science has revealed all the stages of childbirth from conception to delivery. The effects of abortion, both positive and negative, are not hard to grasp in the light of modern scientific research Not to talk of living people, Islam guarantees the life of the early developmental stage of a baby within the uterus of the mother. This extraordinary care for a child during its embryonic period demonstrates that Islam attaches high priority to human life even before its start on the face of the Earth. Should one abort without a legitimate cause, the legal experts from the main schools of Islamic jurisprudence hold that the perpetrator will pay a fine and make compensation. If, on the other hand, a fetus is removed from the womb to end a pregnancy as it may harm a woman physically, it is allowable;  only a healthy mother may give birth to healthy babies. In a like manner, when a couple feels unable to train and educate somany kids, they may have an operation to end a pregnancy by removing an embryo. However, while resorting to abortion,  parents must not lose sight of the do’s and don’ts of abortion jurists have laid down and not just fall victim to the catchy slogan of “family planning”.

Ict Enabled Organizational Transformation: A Socio-Technical Perspective

This research attempted to understand the process of ICT enabled organizational transformation from a socio technical perspective in order to fill the research gap particularly in the context of developing countries. To explore various aspects relevant to transformation process four exploratory case studies have been conducted rigorously in public and private sector organizations in Pakistan. The transformation strategy and approach adopted by the top management of respective organizations at the outset of transformation initiative along with different measures taken so far to manage transformation endeavor have been explored through formal interviews of executives and staff members involved in organizational transformation process. Data triangulation technique was preferred for knowing and validating the facts gathered for further analysis. The findings of this research reflect that the top management that preferred sociotechnical approach in order to implement transformation has successfully managed the transformation process as compared to the organization that just adopted technical approach and resultantly failed to achieve its transformation objectives. Furthermore, it was also found that the proactive strategy of the top management regarding people, process and technological aspects appeared to be very fruitful in minimizing sociotechnical issues and challenges appeared during transformation process. Top management support and engagement, adoption of participative approach, collaboration and effective communication among stakeholders and team members resulted in transformation process to be smooth and eventually successful. xv The participation of stakeholders (HR , IT and business process owners ) and encouragement of top management to involve stakeholders in decision making contributed a lot in anticipating the complexity of issues and problems related to people, process and technology. Consequently, it helped the management in addressing and proactively managing issues and problems. The socio-technical issues faced by the management were also explored and explained along with remedial measures taken so far. The major aspects such as people, process and technology were found as potential means regarding initiating, planning, implementing and sustaining organizational transformation. Furthermore, the enabling role of change management, knowledge management, business process management and IT governance led the ICT enabled organizational transformation to be smooth and successful. The means and enablers identified may play an effective and significant role in achieving objectives of transformation initiative leading to its success. Moreover, this research also elucidated that how potential enablers significantly contributed to manage the issues and challenges of organizational transformation, surely a challenging task. The understanding developed and lessons learned from this study led to propose a conceptual framework for successful implementation of ICT enabled transformation in the organizations. The findings are major contribution towards understanding complexity of organizational transformation process. Furthermore, it provides guidelines to the organizations interested to be transformed for their survival in the current competitive world.