Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) if cut before boot stage can be used for both forage and grain purposes, however it needs better nutrient management along with other agronomic practices to reduce the possible loss in grain yield. Experiments were conducted on imposing decapitation stress on wheat in comparison to no cut under different N levels and its application techniques to assess the crop response. The decapitation stress was imposed through cutting of foliage at 60 d after sowing. Three levels of nitrogen i.e. 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 were applied as full dose at sowing (M1), full dose at 2nd irrigation (M2) and split (M3) as half at sowing and half with 2nd irrigation to cut (C1) or no cut (C0) wheat. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block (RCB) design with four replications having a plot size of 3 x 5 m2. The dry matter yield along with N concentration of different plant parts were determined at different growth stages to assess the translocation of photosynthate and N at these various stages. Wheat cultivar Fakhre Sarhad was planted on 1st November during both growing seasons with seed rate of 120 kg ha-1. All plots applied with recommended levels of 50 kg P2O5 and K2O ha-1. The experiment was conducted on silty clay loam alkaline soil (pH = 7.7-8.2) at Agricultural Research Farm (Malakandher), NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar during 2004-05 and 2005-06. The experimental site was located at 17o, 35 ́ N and 35o, 41 ́ W with altitude of 450 meters above sea level. Decapitation of wheat crop at early growth stage provided sufficient fresh forage but on the cost of reduced spikes m-2, grains spike-1, plant height, thousand grains weight, biological and grain yields when compared to no cut plants. However, harvest index remained same for both treatments. Cut treatment of wheat enhanced the N content at boot and anthesis stages but not at maturity. While grain and straw N contents, grain protein and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) were the same for decapitated and un-decapitated plots. Cut plants had lower N uptakes, apparent nitrogen re-translocation and its efficiencies compared to un-cut plants. Nitrogen use efficiency was increased with decapitation compared to no cut plants. Increased nitrogen fertilization either in split or late application as full dose had resulted in high N content at boot stage, anthesis, and maturity stage. Increasing N levels up to certain point had increased straw and grain N content, nitrogen uptake, grain protein content, nitrogen harvest index, apparent N re-translocation efficiency were increased, whereas NUE was reduced with increasing the N levels. Late application of N as full dose or even two equal splits applications at sowing and/or with 2nd irrigation had improved the N content , total N uptake, N re- translocation and its efficiency, grain protein, and NUE. However, the application time had no effects on N content and protein contents at maturity as well as NHI. Nitrogen fertilization had improved soil total nitrogen after harvesting the wheat. Days to emergence and emergence m-2 was not affected with fertilizer-N and its levels. Delayed boot stage was observed with fertilizer-N and its split application. Nitrogen fertilization as well as split application had increased spikes m-2, plant height and thousand grains weight. Increased N fertilization and full application or two equal splits had increased the grains spike-1, grain and biological yields, and harvest index. The dry matter of wheat stem, leaves and flag leaf at boot stage enhanced with fertilizer-N. The fertilizer-N increased stem and flag leaf dry matter at boot stage with increasing fertilizer-N level where no impact on leaves dry matter was observed. The two equal split doses improved stem and leaves dry matter, delayed full dose improved leaves dry weight while fertilizer-N timing had no influence on flag leaf dry matter. The decapitation stress increased stem and flag leaf dry weight but reduced leaves dry weight at boot stage. The dry matter of stem, leaves, flag leaf, peduncle and spike improved with fertilizer-N at maturity compared to control. The increasing fertilizer-N levels had no influence on stem, leaves and flag leaf dry matter but enhanced peduncle and spike dry matter at maturity. Fertilizer-N timing had no impact on stem, spike, leaves and peduncle dry matter at maturity while only flag leaf dry matter improved with full delayed dose of N application. The decapitation stress reduced leaves, stem, flag leaf, peduncle and spike dry matter at maturity. On the basis of economic analysis optimum VCR (value cost return) and relative increase in income (RII) obtained with 150 kg N ha-1 split application. Where additional Rs. 4959 ha-1 as net income over control were obtained with decapitation of wheat crop. Keeping in view the results two equal split doses 150 kg N ha-1 at sowing and 2nd irrigation is recommended for higher grain yield and economic return.
دور حاضر میں فنی تعلیم کی ضرورت نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معزز سامعین اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرنا ہے وہ ہے:’’دور حاضر میںفنی تعلیم کی ضرورت‘‘ صدرِذی وقار! علم ایک نور ہے، علم ایک روشنی ہے، علم ایک دولت ہے، علم ہی سے گلشن ہستی کے گل وگلزار میں تازگی اور طراوت ہے، علم ہی سے میدانِ حیات و زیست میں شاہسواری کی جاتی ہے، علم ہی کی بدولت آسمانِ علم و دانش پر آفتاب و ماہتاب بن کر چمکتا ہے۔ صدرِ محترم! علم نام ہے واقفیت کا، علم نام ہے ادراک کا ،علم نام ہے شعور اور قویٰ کو پروان چڑھانے کا، علم سے زندگی ہے، علم ہی بندگی کا انداز سکھاتا ہے ،علم ہی سے نشت و برخاست کا ڈھنگ آتاہے، علم ہی سے لغت حجازی کا فرہنگ بنتا ہے، علم ہی سے تہذیب و تمدن کی فضاء ہموار ہوتی ہے۔ معززصدر! علم کی ضرورت ہر دور میں رہی ہے ،علم ہی کی بدولت آج ہم اپنی تاریخ سے باخبر ہیں، علم جو بھی ہو انسان کو انسانیت سکھاتا ہے، اگر علم نافع ہے تو صاحب علم کی قدریں بڑھ جاتی ہیں، اگر علم غیر نافع ہے تو صاحب علم اپنے آپ کو محفوظ و مامون رکھتا ہے۔ معززصدر! علم جب عقل و شعور کو منور کر کے اپنی روشنی کی کرنیں خارجی طور پر ظاہر کرتا ہے، صاحب علم کے اعضاء سے اس کا اظہار ہوتاہے، ایک غنی کی شکل اختیار کرتا ہے۔ ایک ہنر کی صورت میں نظر آتا ہے۔ تو اس وقت اس کی اہمیت کو چار چاند لگ جاتے ہیں، معاشرے میں خوشحالی کے دروازوا ہو جاتے ہیں، غربت و افلاس کا خاتمہ...
Human Rights and Rights of Miorites areattractive slogans in the global canvas. In the history of human beings many religions, their leaders, empires, and institutions claimed that they provided many human rights to the citizens of their countries, but the truth is that they failed to provide a complete code of rights to their minorities. In this regard the Treaties of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) are a road line for all the Human beings, giving the fundamental rights, specially to non- MuslimMinoritess in the first Muslim state of Madinah. It has been highlighted in the Medina pact, contract with the Christian, people of Najran, letter of protection (Amman Nammah) for the people of Yamman, Maqna, Honain, Khaibar, Eilah, Ummay Hani, contract with Majoos, providing and sending them “ Letter of protection” to the people of Hajjar(Bihrin). There are many sayings in the books of Siah sittah and others giving the rights to the non-Muslim Minorities. This Paper ends by giving main principles of human right and providing some suggestions to solving the non-Muslims issues in mslim state in the light of treaties of the Holy Prophet ( Peace Be Upon Him).
Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) is a device used to evaluate integrated dose of ionizing radiation. Natural mineral topaz as a thermoluminescent (TL) material has been studied for radiation dosimetry. The northern area of Pakistan along with Himalayas, due to its geological settings, is rich in topaz which is found in pegmatite rocks. Four mines namely: Kharguluk, Nyit, Sabser, and Yono in district Skardu were selected for sampling of topaz. Relatively big pieces of topaz were converted into chips and powder of micron size. Pellets of topaz composite with glass 1:2 wt.% and teflon 2:1 wt.% were prepared by compressing and sintering. The mineral was recognized as topaz through phase identification by XRD (X-ray diffraction). The mineral collected from Kharguluk mine was not topaz rather mixed with quartz. The elemental analysis by the XRF (X-ray fluorescence) of topaz of understudy mines resulted about 56.554, 22.030, 11.293, 9.560 and 0.453 at.% of the elements O, Si, Al, F and H. These results confirmed the mineral as topaz. The irradiation of topaz pieces with fast neutrons and thermal treatment produced deep and London blue colours in topaz. The TL response of virgin topaz of understudy mines generated a single huge peak in glow curve at temperature around 250 oC, which is the gesticulation of topaz. The INAA (Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis) of topaz from the three mines detected the elements Na, Ga and Cs in three mines, while As and Sb were detected in Yono and Nyit mines respectively. The photoinduced emission spectra of topaz powder from three mines at the excitation wavelength 230 nm produced two bands. One band is at 430 nm and other at 470 nm which are the characteristics of topaz. The pellets of the composites were sintered at 400 to1200 oC. The TL response of the composites and [OH]/[F] ratio decreased with increasing sintering temperature. The optimum temperature selected for preparation of topaz composites was 900 oC. The effect of ultraviolet (UV) and visible light on topaz revealed that UV and visible light contribute to phototransference of charge. The TL glow curves of topaz chips, topaz-glass and topaz-teflon composites showed stable peaks (dosimetric peaks) at about 250-260, 250-260 and 257-265 oC respectively. Initially, the fading was maximum (27-30 %) and became 6-9% after few days. Chips and pellets showed the linearity with dose, good reproducibility, independent dose rate, linear dose response and strong energy dependence below 600 keV. The chips and pellets were found suitable for dosimetry for dose greater than 0.01 Gy at high energy beams. Saturation in the TL response was observed above 2000 Gy. The pellets of topaz-glass showed better mechanical stability than topaz chips and topaz-teflon pellets. The cutting of topaz chips was found difficult and time consuming, while the preparation of pellets of topaz-glass and topaz-teflon was relatively easy. Topaz-glass showed better TL dosimetric features as compared to topaz chips and topaz-teflon composites. These are recommended to be used at the facilities where high radiation doses are involved. The TL analysis of the glow curves using IRM (Initial Rise Method), Tm-Tstop, PSM (Peak Shape Method) and VHR (Variable Heating Rate) method showed that topaz and its composites with glass and teflon follow second order kinetics. The thermal activation energies 0.976- 1.576 eV for natural topaz were found to be greater than 0.488-0.627 eV for topaz- glass and 0.447-0.616 eV for topaz-teflon. The thermal activation energy found by VHR was 1.35 times higher than determined by PSM and IRM. The OSL (optical stimulated luminescence) dosimetric characteristics of the pellets of topaz-glass and topaz-teflon composites were studied for various energy beams of photons and particles using CW (continuous wave)-OSL mode. Blue light as a stimulation source for OSL generated a rapid decaying response within 10 s and then a long non-zero tail was observed. The integrated OSL (IOSL) response met the dosimetric requirements for topaz-glass and topaz-teflon at dose greater than 0.01 Gy and 1.0 mGy respectively. The TL response of topaz before and after OSL measurement showed two peaks in the glow curve at the same position. After OSL measurement, decline of about 1.35 times less in intensity of peak 2 was observed. Radiation dose was measured at IPEN, Brazil with the TLDs: LiF, topaz- chips and the composites of topaz-glass and topaz-teflon. Using the respective calibrations curves and applying the fading corrections, the measured dose proved that topaz and its composites are suitable for radiation dosimetry at high radiation areas. The price of topaz based TLDs is less than commercial dosimeters. Topaz-glass and topaz-teflon pellets can be recommended for the measurement of dose greater than 0.01 Gy by the TL method, while topaz-teflon are suitable for dose greater than 1.0 mGy using OSL read out. Further exploration of topaz from other mines of Pakistan, their TL/OSL analysis and applicability at sterilization, irradiation and medical centres is strongly recommended.