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Home > Pathogenesis of Aflatoxin B1 in Quails under Experimental Conditions and Detoxification by Biological and Chemical Means

Pathogenesis of Aflatoxin B1 in Quails under Experimental Conditions and Detoxification by Biological and Chemical Means

Thesis Info

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Author

Mahmood, Sakhra

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Pathology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13157/1/Sakhra_Mahmood_Pathology_2016_UVAS_Lahore_13.07.2017.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726843669

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Secondary metabolites of certain fungi produce toxins under favorable conditions especially while growing on different food grains. Mycotoxins are among major threats to growing poultry industry and human beings. Aflatoxins are closely related, biologically active fungal metabolites and commonly produced by Aspergillus species. A research was carried out to evaluate the ability of Aspergillus flavus for Aflatoxin B1 production using rice, wheat and maize as substrates. Lethal effects on growth performance parameters, hematological and histopathological of graded doses of aflatoxin B1 in quails under experimental conditions were observed. Effect of Aflatoxin B1 on humoral immune response to Newcastle Disease virus vaccine in quails were determined. Biological detoxification of Aflatoxin B1 by Saccharomyces servisiae was evaluated in quails. Comparative evaluations of different commercially available toxin binders were checked. All these experiments were carried out till the six weeks (42 days). Aspergillus flavus was identified on the basis of macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Rice, wheat and maize grains was used as substrate to check the level of Aflatoxin B1 produced by inoculating an aqueous suspension of 106 spores/ml. Aflatoxin B1 checked by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Quails were reared under standard management conditions in five groups (A, B, C, D and E) having sixty each. Each group was further divided in two independent units. Diets offered to groups were control (without toxins), 0.25, 0.50, 1 and 2 mg Aflatoxin B1/kg feed. One unit of each group was vaccinated with Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) vaccine while other was not and studied the lethal effects on growth performance, blood parameters, immune response and histopathology of vital organs. At the end of the experiment, it was found that the deleterious effects of Aflatoxin B1 were dose and duration dependent. As the level of the toxin was increased, the lethal effects were prominent. The growth performance parameters including gain in body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio was adversely affected at high doses. The body weight gain was significantly reduced in Aflatoxin B1 treated groups as compared to control group. Similarly feed intake and feed conversion ratio were significantly different from the control group. The hematological studies exhibited that aflatoxin B1 significantly reduced the hemoglobin, packed cell volume and total leukocyte count whereas the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was significantly increased as compared to control group. The immune response against NDV vaccine was adversely effected in Aflatoxin B1 treated groups and values of Antibody titer in AFB1 were significantly low as compared to group A( control) In the second experiment, Saccharomyces cervisae (SC) dried powder was mixed in basal quail diet having 0.5mg Aflatoxin B1 for all experimental groups and control was without toxins. SC was added at levels of 0.5 gm, 1.0 gm and 2.0 gm /kg of feed. It was recorded that Saccharomyces cervisae (yeast) have the potential to remove the deleterious effects of Aflatoxin B1. Yeast effectively detoxified the Aflatoxin B1. The results recorded of growth performance and other parameters were non-significantly different from the control group. Chemical detoxification of Aflatoxin B1 was evaluated in quails using commercially available toxin binders. Toxin binders used were activated charcoal, kaoline, Myco AD and selenium plus vitamin E and mixed in basal quail diet having 0.5mg Aflatoxin B1 for all experimental groups and control was without toxins. The Myco AD and selenium plus vitamin E showed the highest detoxification potential as compared to other chemical toxin binders. Groups E and F showed the results of growth performance, hematological, immune response and histopathological were non-significantly different from the control group (A). Kaolin was moderately detoxifying the toxin. Presence of aflatoxin B1 in soft tissues was checked by TLC and quantified using HPLC. The liver exhibited the residues of Aflatoxin B1 at high doses of toxin. Group D and E rearing on feeds having 1mg AFB1 /Kg feed and 2mg AFB1 /Kg feed of toxin showed the residues of AFB1 in liver and kidney. Statistical means for growth performance parameters, hematological, immune response and histopathological scores in each subunit of quails were analyzed by applying one way ANOVA and Duncans‟s Multiple Range (DMR) test at 95% probability. Aflatoxin B1 is lethal and lowers the performance of birds. The lethal effects can be detoxified by biological and chemical means to lower the economic losses to poultry industry. It can be concluded that biological detoxification is preferably better as compared to chemical detoxification.
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Conclusion

When we go through the history of Sub-continent it becomes clear that Islam entered in this area during the period of rightly guided Caliphs. In 92 A.H when Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and some other parts of the present Pakistan, many Tab‘een and some companions came in the Sub-continent. It is famous that Shāh Walī Allāh (d:1176 A.H) is the first person in Sub-continent who translated Holy Qur’an in Persian and urged to ponder over its meanings. But it is not true. Makhdūm Nūḥ Hālāe’ (d:998 A.H/1589A.D) translated the Qur’ān in the Persian language and he must be regarded as the pioneer of the translation works. Shāh Walī Allāh had to face opposition on translating the Holy Book. Later on, his sons followed him produced translations in Urdu. Many scholars have written tafasir (commentaries) of the Quran. When we analyze these commentaries, it seems that influence of different schools of thought is visible on them. Although Hanfi School of Thought is in the majority but there is a division in Hanfis as well. Salfi approach has also influence in Sub-continent. In some tafsir, Sufi approach can also be seen. Moudidi is the first person who presented a theory of political Islam and his tafsir Tafhīm al- Qur’ān advocates this aspect. Hameed-ud-Deen Farahi is the first person in the Sub-continent who highlighted Nazm-e-Qur’an and his student Maulānā Amīn Aḥsan Iṣlāḥī advocated his approach in Tadabbur-e-Qur’ān.

To sum up it can be said that in Sub-continent there is variety of approaches for understanding Qur’an. This is blessing of Allah Almighty that Holy Qur’an is being understood in different ways and every scholar is getting pearls of guidance as per his ability and approach.

Origin of Earth: A Quranic Perspective

The modern scientific concepts were clearly envisioned in the Qur'an date back to 7th century, when observational facilities were not available, mathematical principles were not discovered, primary principles (quarks) and fundamental forces  i.e. Gravitational and electromagnetic were not identified. The word earth (أرْضَARD) appears 409 times in Quran. The number of verses in which the Earth is mentioned first is quite small, e.g. Sura 2, verse 29 and sura 20, verse 4, where a reference is made to "Him Who created the earth and the high heavens". On the other hand the numbers of verses where the Heavens are mentioned before the Earth are much larger e.g. Sura-l-araf (7), Verse 54; SuraYunus (10), verse 3; SuraQaf (50), verse 38; Sura l-Hadid (79), verses 27 to 33 etc. The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance. Sura l-Baqarah, verse (67)[i] states:  قَالَ أعُوْذُ بِاللهِ اأنْ أَکُوْنَ مِنَ الْجَاهِلِيْن He said, "I seek refuge in Allah from being among the ignorant."The Qur'an does not render a coordinated description of the Earth Creation. In lieu of a continuous story of creation, there are verses dispersed all over the Quran which deal with certain aspects of the Earth Creation. These scattered verses provide information on the sequential events marking its development with varying degrees of detail. The Quran referred toward at least five points which shed light on the creation of heaven and earth.  And these points are entirely confirmed by scientific facts.    

اردو مضمون نگاری میں پاکستانیت کے عناصر کیم-ا-پاکستان تا ٢٠١٥ .

Aligarh movement was started / initiated with the essay writings of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan during 19th century. This movement was the precession of literary reforms and discourse of prose writings. In Urdu literary classics none of the kind of the Urdu prose, exists which have had disseminated its impact immediately. Therefor, Sir Syed Ahmed introduced a magazine and named it “Tehzeb-ul-Ikhlak” in which his contemporizes wrote essays. After the establishment of Pakistan many factors were inculcated in the Pakistani (Urdu) literature, which were very pivotal for its masses / people, culture social norms and ideology. This is how Pakistanism was revealed as Pakistani culture, Pakistani norms, Pakistani ideology and Pakistani literature, which had a great impact on the other nations on the globe. As the minorities have achieved a homeland on the basis of one ideology which was the baseline of innovative and popular essay writings of this era. Essay writing was begin in march 1571 by a French philosopher Moneton and named it “Essay”. After seventeen years a British writer Beckon started writing in same style, English and gradually this writer become popular among various languages throughout the world. In the subcontinent the term “Essay” writing was introduced for the first time by Master Ram Chand in his magazine Fawayed-ul-Nazreen in 1845, but most of the essay included in this magazine were science essays. After wards Sir Syed Ahmed launched a magazine Tehzeb-ul-Ikhlak by the inspiration of British magazines the spectator and tetlor. Due to the Journalist background my connection to essay writing gets firmed and it further links with column writing. It was my dive wish to identify the Pakistanism in the Urdu essay writings which acts as the pillar in the framework of Pakistan. The basic period of this thesis is after establishment of Pakistan till 2015. The thesis divided into five chapters. The first chapter contains the introduction topic, rules and disubbies, the basic elements of Pakistanism (introduction and boundaries). In the second chapter discussion of Pakistan nationalism in Urdu writer the debates of Pakistan Nationalism after establishment of Pakistan (Primary natives). The third chapter included the discussion of Pakistan culture in the Urdu literature. The fourth chapter consists of discussion of essay on Pakistan culture, the discussion on Pakistanism in literature, literary movements and debates in Pakistan, movements, culture, a detail discussion on theories and ideas of important article writers. The fifth chapter contemis complete overviews, results and recommendations.