Secondary metabolites of certain fungi produce toxins under favorable conditions especially while growing on different food grains. Mycotoxins are among major threats to growing poultry industry and human beings. Aflatoxins are closely related, biologically active fungal metabolites and commonly produced by Aspergillus species. A research was carried out to evaluate the ability of Aspergillus flavus for Aflatoxin B1 production using rice, wheat and maize as substrates. Lethal effects on growth performance parameters, hematological and histopathological of graded doses of aflatoxin B1 in quails under experimental conditions were observed. Effect of Aflatoxin B1 on humoral immune response to Newcastle Disease virus vaccine in quails were determined. Biological detoxification of Aflatoxin B1 by Saccharomyces servisiae was evaluated in quails. Comparative evaluations of different commercially available toxin binders were checked. All these experiments were carried out till the six weeks (42 days). Aspergillus flavus was identified on the basis of macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Rice, wheat and maize grains was used as substrate to check the level of Aflatoxin B1 produced by inoculating an aqueous suspension of 106 spores/ml. Aflatoxin B1 checked by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Quails were reared under standard management conditions in five groups (A, B, C, D and E) having sixty each. Each group was further divided in two independent units. Diets offered to groups were control (without toxins), 0.25, 0.50, 1 and 2 mg Aflatoxin B1/kg feed. One unit of each group was vaccinated with Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) vaccine while other was not and studied the lethal effects on growth performance, blood parameters, immune response and histopathology of vital organs. At the end of the experiment, it was found that the deleterious effects of Aflatoxin B1 were dose and duration dependent. As the level of the toxin was increased, the lethal effects were prominent. The growth performance parameters including gain in body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio was adversely affected at high doses. The body weight gain was significantly reduced in Aflatoxin B1 treated groups as compared to control group. Similarly feed intake and feed conversion ratio were significantly different from the control group. The hematological studies exhibited that aflatoxin B1 significantly reduced the hemoglobin, packed cell volume and total leukocyte count whereas the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was significantly increased as compared to control group. The immune response against NDV vaccine was adversely effected in Aflatoxin B1 treated groups and values of Antibody titer in AFB1 were significantly low as compared to group A( control) In the second experiment, Saccharomyces cervisae (SC) dried powder was mixed in basal quail diet having 0.5mg Aflatoxin B1 for all experimental groups and control was without toxins. SC was added at levels of 0.5 gm, 1.0 gm and 2.0 gm /kg of feed. It was recorded that Saccharomyces cervisae (yeast) have the potential to remove the deleterious effects of Aflatoxin B1. Yeast effectively detoxified the Aflatoxin B1. The results recorded of growth performance and other parameters were non-significantly different from the control group. Chemical detoxification of Aflatoxin B1 was evaluated in quails using commercially available toxin binders. Toxin binders used were activated charcoal, kaoline, Myco AD and selenium plus vitamin E and mixed in basal quail diet having 0.5mg Aflatoxin B1 for all experimental groups and control was without toxins. The Myco AD and selenium plus vitamin E showed the highest detoxification potential as compared to other chemical toxin binders. Groups E and F showed the results of growth performance, hematological, immune response and histopathological were non-significantly different from the control group (A). Kaolin was moderately detoxifying the toxin. Presence of aflatoxin B1 in soft tissues was checked by TLC and quantified using HPLC. The liver exhibited the residues of Aflatoxin B1 at high doses of toxin. Group D and E rearing on feeds having 1mg AFB1 /Kg feed and 2mg AFB1 /Kg feed of toxin showed the residues of AFB1 in liver and kidney. Statistical means for growth performance parameters, hematological, immune response and histopathological scores in each subunit of quails were analyzed by applying one way ANOVA and Duncans‟s Multiple Range (DMR) test at 95% probability. Aflatoxin B1 is lethal and lowers the performance of birds. The lethal effects can be detoxified by biological and chemical means to lower the economic losses to poultry industry. It can be concluded that biological detoxification is preferably better as compared to chemical detoxification.
تو بنا کے پھر سے بگاڑ دے،مجھے چاک سے نہ اُتارنا تری چوبِ چاک کی گردشیں مِرے آب و گِل میں اُتر گئیں تِری اُنگلیاں مِرے جسم میں یونہی لمس بن کے گڑی رہیں مجھے رکتا دیکھ کے کرب میں کہیں وہ بھی رقص نہ چھوڑ دے تِرا زعمِ فن بھی عزیز ہے، بڑے شوق سے تُو سنوار لے تِرے"سنگِ چاک" پہ نرم ہے مِری خاکِ نم، اِسے چُھوتا رہ مجھے گوندھنے میں جو گُم ہوئے تِرے ہاتھ، اِن کا بدل کہاں تِرا گیلا ہاتھ جو ہٹ گیا مِرے بھیگے بھیگے وجود سے
رہوں کوزہ گر ترے سامنے، مجھے چاک سے نہ اُتارنا مِرے پاؤں ڈوری سے کاٹ کے مجھے چاک سے نہ اُتارنا کفِ کوزہ گر مِری مان لے، مجھے چاک سے نہ اُتارنا کسی گردباد کے سامنے، مجھے چاک سے نہ اُتارنا مِرے پیچ و خم، مِرے زاویے، مجھے چاک سے نہ اُتارنا کسی ایک شکل میں ڈھال کے، مجھے چاک سے نہ اُتارنا کبھی دستِ غیر کے واسطے، مجھے چاک سے نہ اتارنا مجھے ڈھانپ لینا ہے آگ نے، مجھے چاک سے نہ اتارنا
This study aims to identify the significance of driver’s socioeconomic demographics (SEDs) in the decision to speed and crash involvement. A questionnaire was designed consisting of a driver’s SEDs, speeding propensity, and crash experience. This questionnaire was conducted with the students and employees of the University of Nizwa and other drivers at the selected locations. A total of 604 usable samples were obtained. Simple frequency distribution and discriminant multivariate analysis were conducted on the driver’s responses. Survey results revealed that about 47.7% of the drivers have experienced a crash. The driver’s gender nationality, profession, age, type of vehicle drive, driving experience, and past crash experience are significant attributes of the driver’s speeding behavior. Ordered probit analysis for speeding behavior and simple probit regression analysis for crash involvement was conducted. The male drivers and those who are under the age of 30 years and have driving experience of more than 3 years have more likelihood to exceed the speed limits than other drivers. Similarly, the driver’s gender, age (≤ 30 years), and those who are employees have a significant correlation with the propensity of crash involvement. Male and young drivers have more likelihood to be involved in a crash.
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Multi drug resistant tuberculosis is a form of tuberculosis caused by a strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex which are resistant to at least Isoniazid and Rifampicin with or without resistance to any other first line antituberculosis treatment (ATT). Multiple factors have been identified those lead to multi drug resistance response to tuberculosis. Treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis requires treatment with second line drugs, usually four or more TB drugs for a minimum period of 6 months and probably extending for 18-24 months if rifampicin resistance has been identified. Linezolid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of serious infections caused by gram positive bacteria and in highly resistant tuberculosis strain and cases that are otherwise complicated to treat. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to determine the demographic features of participants in this study, to determine risk factors in multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and to conduct a clinical trial for the determination of efficacy of linezolid in patients with multi drug resistant tuberculosis. Study design; To determine the demographic features of Tuberculosis, cross sectional study, to determine the risk factors in patients with Tuberculosis and multi-drug resistant Tuberculosis, analytical cross sectional study and to conduct the clinical trial for examining the efficacy of Linezolid for treatment of multi drug resistant tuberculosis, clinical trial was conducted by using the study design of experimental epidemiology (Single blind randomized control trial phase-4) Study Universe: Public sector Hospital, Lahore Pakistan. Study population: Tuberculosis and multi-drug resistant tuberculosis patients registered or followed by Outpatient Department of public sector Hospital Lahore Sampling Technique;: Convenient sampling for project-1 & 2 and Simple Random Sampling for project-3 Study Duration: One year (1st Dec 2016 to 30th Nov2017) DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE; using convenient sampling/simple random sampling technique, data collected through a questionnaire. Subjects from public sector hospital were enrolled in the study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were investigated, examined, monitored and data recorded in a questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version RESULTS; During demographic analysis of patients with tuberculosis, it was observed that female cases were higher than male cases. Age group 18-34 years was maximally affected by tuberculosis. The disease had a decreasing trend with aging. In both genders number of cases was decreasing with increase of age. There were only a few cases above 60 years of age. Majority of cases belonged to Lahore or its suburbs. . Majority of the cases belonged to urban area, had lower class and low socioeconomic status. Males were more educated as compared to females. Majority of the cases were relapsed. Two third cases had extra pulmonary Tuberculosis. In extra pulmonary tuberculosis, majority of cases involved lymph nodes. The risk factors for tuberculosis and multi-drug resistant tuberculosis were not common. In randomized control trial with Linezolid, 90% cases of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis were pulmonary tuberculosis. Treatment with Linezolid proved to be effective in 60% cases. CONCLUSION; In this study analysis of demographic profile showed that the number of female patients was increasing. The age group 18-44 years was maximally affected. In randomized control trial with Linezolid, 90% cases of multidrug resistant tuberculosis were pulmonary. Treatment with Linezolid proved to be effective in 60% cases with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis.