Wilt disease, affecting mango trees (Mangifera indica L.), is recognized as sudden death of mango. This epidemic was reported first time in Punjab (Muzafargarh), Pakistan in 1995. High disease severity is recorded in nearly all mango producing areas of Punjab and Sindh ranging from 2-5% and 5-10%, respectively. Though the incidence of the disease has been significantly lowered due to the mass awareness and development project and programs of Mango sudden death (MSD) disease throughout the country. Work on the pathogen causing MSD is essentially concluded but the relationship of Ceratocystis with MSD and the species involved is still not well studied in Pakistan. The present study focused on geographical distribution, pathological and genetic characterization of Ceratocystis sp. associated with MSD, for this a survey was done for the collection of samples during the year 2011-12. From different mango growing areas of Punjab and Sindh forty-five Ceratocystis species isolates were obtained. Pathogenicity of these isolates were done on potato tubers, fresh mango leaves (detached), fresh green mango twigs (detaced) and white chunsa mango seedlings. All isolates incited symptoms with varying amount of virulence in contrast to control. More prominent lesions were witnessed on potato tubers (0.439-7.53 cm2) followed by mango seedlings (0.84-4.39 cm2). Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) from all 45 isolates was effectively extracted by using phenol chloroform method. Comparison of DNA sequence using internal transcribed spacer (ITS), beta tubulin (BT) gene, and Transcription Elongation Factor (TEF) gene primers confirmed that Pakistan isolates were dissimilar from Ceratocystis fimbriata and Ceratocystis omanensis reported previously. The fungus made one of intensely supported sub-clades through phylogenetic tree. On the basis of morphological characteristics and assessment of DNA sequences for three gene regions, it was concluded that the Ceratocystis species related with MSD in Pakistan is Ceratocystis manginecans.
تیری چاہت کر دیاں کر دیاں آگیا پچھلا پہر وے چناں ناں توں نظر کرم دی کیتی ناں توں کیتی مہر وے چناں تینوں چھڈ جے ہور بناواں کھاواں لے کے زہر وے چناں ہن جے ایتھے آ ای گیا ایں دوگھڑیاں تے ٹھہر وے چناں اکھاں تیریاں وانگ غزالاں زلفاں رب دا قہر وے چناں یاداں تیریاں او بے دردا آون صبح دوپہر وے چناں عاشق روندے رت دے ہنجوں تک ہنجواں دے بحر وے چناں
يهدف البحث إلى تلمس اجتهادات العلماء في فهم بعض آيات وأحاديث الربا، والوقوف على الأحكام التي تقررها النصوص الشرعية في بعض المعاملات المالية، ثم استثمار بعض آليات الاجتهاد التنزيلي والنظر المقاصدي لإناطة الأحكام الشرعية المناسبة بعلل وأوصاف ومعاني بعض أنواع التداول المستجد للأموال. وقد توصل الباحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها أنَّ فهم النصوص الشرعية عملية ضرورية قبل تصدي المجتهد إلى استنباط الحكم الشرعي، وهي عملية لازمة وسابقة لتنزيل الأحكام على النوازل المستجدة، تتطلب استدعاء آليات للتحقيق والتنزيل لضمان التوفيق في اعتبار مآلات الأفعال في كل نازلة. كما وجد أن التعامل بالربا والانخراط في بعض المعاملات المالية الربوية المستحدثة؛ يفضي إلى أضرار أخلاقية واجتماعية واقتصادية على الفرد والمجتمع
الكلمات المفتاحية: الربا، الحكم الشرعي، الاجتهاد، الفهم، التنزيل.
Present study deals with the correlation of Toxoplasma with some endocrine parameters for the assessment of immunopathogenic mechanism in human population selected from different localities of Lahore. Besides analysis of blood using ELISA for various parameters (anti-Toxo IgG and IgM, Insulin, TSH, T3, T4, FSH, LH, testosterone and estradiol) this multidisciplinary study involved the questionnaire survey of the area for the assessment of health status of the study respondents and risk factors regarding toxoplasmosis. Data was analyzed statistically by Chi-square test, ttest, ANOVA and correlation (p<0.05). Analysis of data revealed that seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection was significantly related to various factors; socioeconomic status, pica habits, consumption of untreated water for drinking purpose and exposure to oocysts contaminated surfaces as feral cats have high abundance in the study areas. Toxoplasma gondii infection was highly prevalent among study subjects. It was found that chronic Toxoplasma infection was more prevalent (58.5%) among respondents then acute/recent cases (41.5%). Gender wise comparison showed that prevalence of infection was higher among male subjects (86%) in compared to the females (34%). Percentage prevalence of Toxoplasma had positive correlation with seropositivity among subjects of 36-44+ years of age. Toxoplasma infection was found to be correlated with different endocrine hormones. Higher insulin concentration was detected among seropositive subjects reflecting similar trend in both sexes. The deviation was significant among senior age groups. The concentration of TSH, T3 and T4 was detected to be higher than the reference value among 9%, 19% and 79% subjects respectively. In case of male seropositive subjects, LH was significantly higher (11.89±0.66mlU/ml) whereas testosterone was found to be lower (2.82±0.13ng/ml) than normal reference value. In general female Toxoplasma positive respondents were detected with variable ranges of FSH, LH and estradiol during various reproductive phases. These changes in various hormones reflect the possible role of toxoplasmosis leading to various metabolic disorders and reproductive problems. The results are depictive of the fact that lack of education and awareness, poor hygiene conditions and other risk factors greatly enhance the transmission of such parasites. The results of the study are significant and provide enough evidence regarding toxoplasmosis and its correlation with the changes in various hormones leading to health effects.