Heavy metal toxicity is increasing due to increasing trends of urbanization and industrialization. Lead poisoning has been recognized as a major public health risk, particularly in developing countries. It is nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic for animals and human. Sewerage water, fertilizers, leaded-gasoline and lead based batteries are the sources of lead contamination in soil and forage. The lead particles are taken up by animals from contaminated forages and excreted in animal products like milk and meat. The presence of Pb in drinking water, waste water, plant products and animal products has been studied which is a serious risk for animal and public health. The legislations for the disposal of household wastes and industrial effluents are very poor in Pakistan. The calculation of safe Pb levels in different products is still to be needed. Pathological effects of higher Pb levels have not been studied in Pakistan. The present study was aimed to unveil the toxic effects at constant dose of Pb over a period of three months in a local sheep breed of Pakistan. The status of Pb toxicity was also investigated in a polluted area around sewage drain and mutton slaughter house at District Jhang, Pakistan. The Pb concentration in soil, forage and irrigating water was found to be below the permissible limits and was safe for agriculture but long-term ingestion of low Pb concentration may have cumulative effect. The serum Pb concentration was found to be above the recommended safe limits for producing Pb toxicity in animals. The different tissues like kidney, liver and skeletal muscles also contained higher Pb level from the permissible limits and found to be unsafe for public use. Kidney showed the highest Pb concentration and the muscle contained the least Pb level in the present study. The erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume showed inverse correlation with Pb concentration and mean values were below the normal range in Pb treated sheep but anemia was not developed. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was also influenced by given dose of lead acetate during third month of treatment. The white blood cells also revealed no effect on given dose of lead acetate in Lohi sheep in this study. The biochemical parameters of field and treatment group showed higher concentration as compared to control group of Lohi sheep but their means were falling within the normal range of reference values. The disturbed biochemical parameters in apparently healthy sheep with higher serum Pb concentration were indicative for liver and kidney damage. Lohi sheep exhibited less effect on given dose of lead acetate during first two months but more pronounced changes of chronic Pb toxicity were observed during last month of trial. The histological changes were not observed on early period in lead acetated treated sheep. The characteristic histological changes were observed on last slaughtering at day 90 in kidney and liver including degeneration and focal areas of necrosis, dilatation of blood vessels with accumulation of red blood cells and fibrosis in some areas. The nuclear changes were more typical with intranuclear inclusion bodies in renal tubular epithelial cells but less distinguishable in hepatocytes. It was concluded that soil, forage and water contained low Pb levels in the study area. The ingestion of low Pb level for longer period had cumulative effect in animals. The animals might be resistant to low Pb level but their products are a severe risk for public health. So the necessary measures should be adopted to minimize the heavy metal contamination in animal products.
بشیر احمد ڈار پاکستان کے مشہور اہل علم اور صاحب قلم جناب بشیر احمد ڈار کی وفات کی خبر دیر میں ملی اﷲ تبارک و تعالیٰ ان کو غریق رحمت فرمائیں، وہ اقبالیات کے بڑے اداشناس اور ماہر تھے، اپنے علمی کمالات کے ساتھ اپنی شرافتِ اخلاق، انکسار اور وضعداری کی وجہ سے اپنے دوستوں اور ملنے والوں میں بہت مقبول تھے۔ (صباح الدین عبدالرحمن، جون ۱۹۷۹ء)
بشیر احمد ڈار ۲۹؍ مارچ ۱۹۷۹ء کو پاکستان کے ممتاز، لایق اور مشہور اہل قلم جناب بشیر احمد ڈار اﷲ کو پیارے ہوئے، ان کی وفات کی خبر دیر سے ملی، دکھ ہوا، کہ پاکستان ایک بہت اچھے مصنف، بہت اچھے فلسفی اور بہت اچھے انسان سے محروم ہوگیا۔ ۱۹۷۵ء سے ۱۹۷۸ء تک پاکستان بار بار جانے کا اتفاق ہوا تو جناب بشیر احمد ڈار سے کر اچی، اسلام آباد اور لاہور میں برابر ملاقاتیں ہوتی رہیں، پہلی بار جناب سید حسام الدین راشدی کے دولت کدہ پر ملا، جو کراچی کے ارباب علم و دانش کا صنم خانہ بنا ہوا ہے، معارف کے صفحات پر جناب سید حسام الدین راشدی کا ذکر خیر اکثر آیا ہے، میری نظر میں وہ پاکستان کے پرنس اسکالر ہیں، ان گنت کتابوں کے مایہ ناز مصنف ہیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ نے دولت بھی دی ہے، اس لیے علم دوست اور علم نواز بن کر اپنی مرصع کوٹھی پر علمی محفلیں بھی سجاتے رہتے ہیں، جن میں شریک ہوکر ایسا محسوس ہوتا ہے کہ جہانگیر کے دور میں سندھ میں غازی خاں ترخان کے یہاں بھی ایسی ہی پرکیف مجلسیں ہوا کرتی ہوں گی، ان محفلوں میں جناب بشیر احمد ڈار کا ہونا لازمی تھا۔ جو کراچی میں راشدی صاحب کی زندگی کے جزو لاینفک بنے رہے، شاید ہی کوئی دن ایسا ہوتا جب دونوں کی ملاقاتیں نہ ہوتیں، دونوں کی ملاقاتوں...
The public's reaction to the implementation of health protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic is discussed in this report, as well as the idea of enforcing public health protocols, the relevance of implementing health protocols, and the public's reaction to implementing health protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic. This thesis is a quantitative one that relies on data gathered from surveys. The public reaction demonstrates that health guidelines are needed to strengthen attempts to avoid and monitor COVID-19 for people in public places and hospitals in order to avoid the emergence of new epicenters / clusters during the pandemic, as shown by the 78 percent who cooperate and the 22 percent who deliberately and inadvertently disregard. The community's position in breaking the COVID-19 transmission chain, or the possibility of contracting and distributing it, must be accomplished by the implementation of health protocols. The community's reaction to COVID 19 varies; some people really follow the government's protocol, which some people understand; but, for economic reasons, they still operate outside the home to survive.
Performance of banking sector is critical for the functioning of the financial system of a country as it ultimately casts impacts on economic stability and growth. Islamic banking has become substantial component of financial structure of many Muslim and non‐Muslim countries. Islamic banking in Pakistan has won remarkable market share in just a few years. While failure of conventional banks in western world has caused economic crisis in those economies, Islamic banks have proved to be robust due to their profit and loss sharing mechanism. This study is an attempt to analyze performance of Islamic banks in comparison of their conventional counterparts. This study does not apply a single performance evaluation method. It rather addresses several dimensions of performance using multiple methods like Ratio Analysis, DEA, Malmquist Index and Regression. Performance of Islamic and conventional banks is compared using parametric and non‐parametric statistical tests of significance. This study conceptualizes performance as combination of efficiency and effectiveness. Total Factor Productivity change is further decomposed into subcomponents. Tobit regression is applied to estimate determinants of change in efficiency, effectiveness and performance. This study analyzes 2004 to 2009 financial data of all the Islamic and conventional banks working in Pakistan. However, to find out determinants of profitability this study analyzes the quarterly data of Meezan Bank, which is the pioneer full‐fledged Islamic bank of Pakistan. Islamic banks outperformed conventional banks in terms of financial ratios of capital adequacy, asset quality, liquidity, asset turn over and risk. However, performance of conventional banks has been higher in terms of DEA scores of efficiency and effectiveness. Although both the types experienced decline in TFP Malmquist index, yet no significant difference in performance pointed out. Bank specific factors cause variation in efficiency whereas market specific and macroeconomic indicators affect effectiveness significantly. Liabilities, capital, overhead expenses and earning assets have positive impact on profitability. Deposits, service income and financing are inversely related with profitability of Islamic banks.