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Home > Pathotype Variation of Puccinia Striiformis Population Triggering Stripe Rust of Wheat in the Northern Punjab and Nwfp

Pathotype Variation of Puccinia Striiformis Population Triggering Stripe Rust of Wheat in the Northern Punjab and Nwfp

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Syed Nadeem Afzal

Program

PhD

Institute

Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University

City

Rawalpindi

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2009

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Agricultural Technology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/3636

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726847399

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Wheat is one of the leading grain crops of Pakistan and being staple diet of the inhabitants, it grasps a key position in the agricultural policies. Sustainable productivity of wheat is of paramount importance in the context of many biotic and abiotic factors that limit its production. Stripe or yellow rust is one of such biotic factors, caused by an obligate parasite Puccinia striiformis Westend. f.sp. tritici Eriks., that confines wheat production throughout the world. Presence of several races of each and ever-changing nature of the stripe rust pathogen cautions cultivation of susceptible wheat cultivars in humid, high uplands and cooler regions of the country. Monitoring of the stripe rust population is imperative to determine pathotype variation so that new virulences with the potential to overcome resistance genes currently deployed in the wheat cultivars can be detected. Accordingly, the research was executed in the Northern Punjab and NWFP to identify prevailing Pst virulence pattern and pathotype variation and trap the stripe rust pathogen through establishing “Trap Nurseries” at selected sites of the study area; estimate wheat yield losses due to stripe rust in field under disease stress conditions; and evaluate breeders material for its disease reaction under field condition. Analyses of yield loss data confirmed significant loss where disease level was very high. The most severely diseased cultivars had the lowest yields. Morocco depicted extremely low yields whereas Inquilab-91 expressed a loss of only 38.73 kg ha-1 against the disease severity of 36.25 percent in 2007 as compared to the loss of 143.3 kg ha-1 when the disease severity was just 8.12 percent during 2006. Stripe rust was also severe against Bakhtawar and Wafaq-2001 during 2007 at the test sites in Rawalpindi and showed a dramatic affect on yield. Considerable yield losses were observed in 2007 as compared to the losses estimated during 2006 attributing to the conducive environmental factor that persisted for more than four weeks and prolonged the infectious period of the stripe rust pathogen. Screening of 188 varieties / advanced breeding lines against stripe rust was also carried out during 2005-06 and 2006-07. Cluster analysis based on the RRI was performed, which indicated that the entire cultivars could be distributed into six clusters at 20 percent linkage level. Average Coefficient of Infection (ACI) and Relative Resistance Index (RRI) values of two year trial showed that out of 188 cultivars 150 had RRI value >7 ≤9 and were found in the desirable range; 28 cultivars were included among the acceptable range having RRI value ≥5 <7. However, only 10 cultivars showed RRI value <5 and fell under undesirable range. In the present study, pathotype variation of Pst population that occur naturally in the major wheat growing areas of Pakistan were analyzed. The outcomes were highlighted in the context of prevailing virulences and identification of the Yr resistance genes that are still effective. During 2005-06 and 2006-07, 12 previously identified Pst races were confirmed while one new race was identified. In Pakistan, virulence is present for the stripe rust resistance genes Yr1, Y6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr12, Yr17, Yr18, Yr24, YrSu, YrSk and YrA. Virulence for Yr resistance genes Yr2+, Yr3V, Yr3N, Yr5, Yr6,2+, Yr7+, Yr9,2+, Yr10, Yr11, Yr15, YrSd, YrCv and YrSp was neither observed during the glasshouse investigations nor prevalent at any of the six WSRTN sites. Although resistance genes Yr4+, Yr8+, Yr26 and Yr29 (Pavon 76) expressed partial virulence but still have prospective for exploitation. To deploy the identified Yr resistance genes either singly or in combination in the upcoming wheat breeding program could play an effective role to lessen yield losses inflicted by stripe rust.
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جوشؔ ملیح آ بادی

جوشؔ ملیح آبادی
پاکستان ہی میں اردو کے مشہور شاعر جوش ملیح آبادی کی وفات ہوئی، انھوں نے اردو شاعری کی صنف نظم گوئی کو بڑی ترقی دی، غزل کے بجائے نظم گو کی حیثیت سے زیادہ مقبول ہوئے، ان کے مداح ان کے فن اور شاعرانہ مہارت کے بڑے قدردان رہے، مگر ان کے کچھ ناقد ایسے بھی ہیں، جو ان کی شاعری ہی میں خیالات کی بلندی اور پاکیزگی کے بجائے صرف گھن گرج اور چیخ و پکار زیادہ پاتے ہیں، دینی حلقوں میں تو اپنے ملحدانہ اور رندانہ طرز فکر کی وجہ سے اچھی نظر سے نہیں دیکھے جاتے، مگر جب کبھی اردو شاعری کی تاریخ لکھی جائے گی تو اس میں ان کے شاعرانہ فن کی وجہ سے ان کو نمایاں جگہ دی جائے گی۔ (صباح الدین عبدالرحمن، اپریل ۱۹۸۲ء)

بلڈ بینک کا قیام اور انتقال خون کے مسئلہ کا ایک تحقیقی جائزہ قرآن و سنت کی روشنی میں

Consideration of illness in the rulings of Islamic Sharia fully understands and estimates the danger and potential loss in case of illness. Islamic Sharia has given illness a complete consideration. Sometimes human needs blood which is important for life as is oxygen. Without blood, it’s not possible to survive. Blood is needed in certain amount and God has given us some surplus amount in the body which comes into action in case some blood is flowed from the body. This extra blood can save human life. Previously it was not possible to preserve the extra blood but now advancement of science has made it possible to save it and to use it to help some lives of other people. An ill person can be helped and saved by injecting the needed blood. Nowadays blood banks are working all over the world and are helping save lives of human beings. Blood transfusion is not only permitted rationally, ethically and traditionally but it is a matter of great reward to help humanity. So, establishing blood banks is purely a human activity and a very good thing. This article discusses blood banks and its establishment under the light of Islamic Sharia.

Mass Spectrometric Profiling and Bioevaluation of Phenolic Constituents of Coronopus Didymus

Coronopus didymus is a medicinal plant used traditionally as antipyretic, expectorant, blood purifier and for alleviating symptoms of pain, inflammations, malaria, wounds and cancer. The present study was designed with the objectives of revelation of diagnostic compounds responsible for biological activity of this plant. This work is divided into two main parts, part I includes extraction, preliminary phytochemical analysis, isolation, purification, and identification of phenolic constituents by using mass spectrometric technique. Part II comprises bioevaluation of plant for cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Total phenolic content of various solvent extracts was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Polar and non-polar constituents of C. didymus were identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric (UPLC-ESI-MS) and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis (GC-MS), respectively. Major constituents of C. didymus were isolated by using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative mass directed HPLC method. The phenolic content was found to be the highest in the ethanolic extract (CDA Et, 47.8 mM GAE). Eighteen phytochemicals were tentatively identified from ethanolic extract by UPLC-ESI-MS analysis. The predominant compounds of aerial parts were flavonoids while roots contained glucosinolate as the major component. Sixty-three volatile phytochemicals were identified from aerial parts and roots of C. didymus by GC-MS analyses. Mass spectrometric profiling of the C. didymus extracts, confirmed that this plant contained a plenty of compounds. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated by UV-Vis. spectroscopy (with shift reagents), LC-ESI-MS and NMR spectral data as 5,7,4''trihydroxy-3''-methoxyflavone-4''-O-β-D-glucoside (1''), 5,7,4''-trihydroxy-3''methoxyflavone-4''-O-(6''''-acetyl)b -D-glucoside (2'') and 5,7,4''-trihydroxy-3''-methoxy flavone (3''). Compound 1'' was identified for the first time from the genus Coronopus. Extracts, fractions and isolated compounds were subjected to various bioassays in a dose dependent manner to understand their anticancer, antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial susceptibility. Isolated compounds 1''-3'' showed promising activity against HeLa cells with IC50 values of 43.50, 0.63 and 3.67 µM, respectively. Significant result was also obtained with compound 3'' against LN18 cells with IC50 value of 46.63 µM. In antioxidant activity, compound 3'' was far more effective in scavenging free radicals in the DPPH and ABTS assays with IC50 of 43.8 and 0.08 µg/mL, than the standard trolox, with IC50 values of 97.5 and 21.1 µg/mL, respectively. Compound 3'' depicted largest zone of inhibition (15 mm) against X. campestris, which was even higher than the chemical bactericides viz., bismerthiazole and kasugamycin, with inhibition zone of 11 mm and 14 mm, respectively. Mass spectrometric profiling and the cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the phenolic constituents 1''-3'' provide a scientific basis for the ethnopharmacological use of C. didymus for various applications.