نیل کنارے دو دل ہارے
مصری نوجوان ان دو شخصیات کے ممنون ہوں نہ ہوں دریائے نیل کی ممنونیت سے انکار نہیں کر سکتے ۔دریا کے کنارے سرکار نے بیٹھنے کے لیے خوبصورت اور آرام دہ جگہ بنائی ہے یہاں نیل کی تازہ ہوا کے جھونکے کی سر مستی میں یہ نوجوان لڑکے اور لڑکیا ں ایک دوسری سے محبت کی پینگیں بڑھاتے ہیں ۔مصر میں مرد و زن کے اختلاط پرکوئی سرکاری یا سماجی پابندی نہیں عورت اپنی زندگی کا ساتھی بڑے اعتماد کے ساتھ نا صرف چن سکتی ہے بلکہ اس کا اظہا بھی برملا کر تی ہے ۔ میرے خیال میں شاید ہی کسی دوسرے مسلم ملک میں عورت کو یہ اختیار حاصل ہو جو مصری عورت کو حاصل ہے ۔دریائے نیل کے کنارے جوان جوڑوں کی بیٹھک دریا کے حسن میں اضافے کا موجب بنتی ہے ۔مصری لڑکیاں جدید مغربی لباس کے اوپر خوش رنگ کوٹ زیب تن کر کے اور سر پر دوپٹے کی جگہ سکارف پہنے انتہائی جاذبِ نظر دکھاتی دیتی ہیں ۔تھوڑے تھوڑے فاصلے پر بیٹھے ان جوڑوں کے درمیان سوڈان او ر دوسرے غریب افریقی ممالک کی خواتین گھومتی نظر آتی ہیں جو ہاتھوں میں خوش رنگ گلدستے لیے ان محب اور محبوب کی خوش گپیوں میں مخل ہو کر رنگ میں بھنگ ڈال کر مطالبہ کرتی ہیں کہ ہم سے پھول خرید کر اپنے دوست کو پیش کرے ۔میں نے سوڈانی خاتون سے پوچھا کہ دن میںکتنے گلدستے فروخت کرتی ہو ،بولی دن اچھا ہو تو سو جنین کے پھول نکل جاتے ہیں میں نے دکتور محمود سے پوچھا کہ آپ نے کبھی کسی کے ساتھ نیل کے کنارے پر لطف وقت بتایا ہے ،بولے ہائے میرے نصیب میری غربت اس راہ میں بڑی رکاوٹ ہے ۔میں نے پوچھا اس پر لطف وقت کے لیے...
Abstract: Evaluation is the backbone of our education system. It is one of the important factors of the three pillars of our education system. The three pillars are: educational objectives, teaching learning process and evaluation or assessment. Assessment, scores or grades are one of the factors of the main concern for the students of any academic programme. The present study is aimed to investigate the correlation between the internal and external assessment of Master of Education (M. Ed) examination of the students of Institute of Education & Research (I.E.R), University of Peshawar. In total all 200 students of university of Peshawar who appeared in the M. Ed. Annual examinations were taken as a sample being convenient to the researcher. The data was obtained from the Examination section of the University of Peshawar. The data so obtained was then analyzed through SPSS and it was concluded that both the Internal and External assessments were correlated. The implications were discussed. Key Words: Correlation, Assessment, Case study, M. Ed, University of Peshawar.
Northern regions of Pakistan are rich with medicinal plants that are yet to be explored on scientific grounds. Medicinal plants play vital role in a country’s economy; especially for a country like Pakistan, where people are very poor and the use of traditional medicine is yet to flourish. World Health Organization is giving more emphasis on promoting traditional medicine, particularly, in the Third World Countries. More than 8,000 plant species in South Asia have medicinal values; out of which 2000 medicinal plants exists in Pakistan. Global market of the medicinal plants is estimated over US$ 60.0 billion that is expected to grow upto the US$ 5.0 trillion by the year 2050. In Pakistan, bill on the import of medicinal plants was worth of US$ 31.0 million, where the export of medicinal plants could hardly reached US$ 6.0 million. In the world, thirty percent of the pharmaceutical preparations are manufactured from plants. Keeping in view the potential of the global and local market, we conducted our current research work entitled “phytochemical, pharmacognostic and pharmacological investigations of Tylophora hirsuta (Wall) and Onosma griffithii (Vatke)”. The present Ph.D thesis comprises of two parts, part A and part B. The part A describes extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of isolated compounds. Pharmacological and biological activities of crude extract, different fractions thereof and some compounds isolated from Tylophora hirsuta have been investigated. In addition, the plant was also subjected to pharmacognostic screening that describes the anatomical study of the aerial parts and its powder drug. Four compounds were isolated from fractions of crude methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Tylophora hirsuta. α-amyrin acetate (1), stigmasterol (2) and heptaeicosanol (4) were isolated for the first time from the plant. β- sitosterol (3), a previously reported compound from the same plant was also isolated. Crude methanolic extract, its fractions and major compound (1) were investigated for various pharmacological activities including spasmolytic, spasmogenic, calcium channel blocking and cardiovascular activities. In addition, certain biological investigations were also carried out including antileishmanial, brine-shrimp lethality, phytotoxic, insecticidal and enzyme inhibition assays. The plant produced good spasmogenic, spasmolytic and calcium channel blocking activity. The major compound (1) also displayed significant spasmolytic activity at concentration of 53.1 x 10 -5 - 243 x 10 -5 M. Biological investigations revealed that the plant has good antileishmanial, and moderate insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal and phytotoxic activities. However, no significant enzyme inhibition assay was displayed by the major compound (1). Anatomical study of stem portion showed a typical dicotyledonous stem with well organized vascular bundle and trichomes on the outer surface. Powder drug study of the plant also supported the anatomical observations with presence of trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, starch cells and other structures. Part B describes the phytochemistry of compounds 5, 6 and 7 that have been isolated for the first time from the Onosma griffithii. The preliminary phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of flavonoids and terpenes in Onosma griffithii. The anatomical study of the leaf reveals the presence of oil sacs in the lamina. Powder drug study of the plant also supported the anatomical observations with strong trichomes, stoma surrounded by guard cells for the transport of gases and water, epidermis and other structures. Crude methanolic extract was investigated for different pharmacological activities like spasmogenic, spasmolytic and effects on cardiovascular system. Crude methanolic extract and its different fractions were investigated for certain biological activities including antileishmanial, antibacterial, antifungal, brine-shrimp lethality, phytotoxic and insecticidal activities. The plant was found to possess excellent spasmolytic and antihypertensive activity that confirmed its traditional use as antihypertensive. Biological investigations revealed that the plant has significant antileishmanial and moderate antifungal activity. Our current work will help the researchers for further work to standardize the extract(s) and look for activity guided isolation of the pharmacologically / biologically active compounds.