دھب میںڈھابہ ہوٹل
شرم الشیخ سے پچاس میل کی مسافت پر دھب نامی قصبہ پر ہمار ی گاڑی چائے کے ایک ریستوران پر رکی ۔یہاں پاکستانی ٹرک ڈرائیور ہوٹل جیسا ماحول تھا ۔گاڑی میں موجود مصری خواتین نے اپنے بڑے بڑے پرس کھولے تو مجھے حیرت ہوئی کہ ان پرسوں میں توشۂ خوراک یعنی پنیر ،ڈبل روٹی ،بسکٹ ،سیب ،مالٹے ،کھجور اور پانی کی بوتل تک سارا انتظام مکمل تھا ۔مجھے اس انتظام و انصرام سے زیادہ خواتین کی فیاضی نے بہت متاثر کیا ۔ سب نے ایک دوسرے کے ساتھ اپنے توشے شریک کیے ،باوجود اس کے کہ سب کے پاس یہی چیزیں خود بھی موجود تھیں ۔سوڈان کے دکتوریحیٰ اور میرے پاس ان اشیا ء میں سے کوئی چیز نہ تھی ۔اس لیے سب نے ہمیں نوازنا شروع کر دیا اور آخر میں ہم دونوں کے پاس خوراک کا ذخیرہ ان سے بھی زیادہ ہو گیا ۔میں نے دکتورہ بسنت کو کہا کہ پاکستانی خواتین کے پرس اس سے بھی بڑے ہوتے ہیں مگر وہ پائوڈر ،کریم سے لیس ہوتے ہیں ۔ اس نے ہنس کر کہا وہ چیزیں ہمارے پاس بھی ہوتی ہیں مگر الگ پرس میں ۔ہوٹل میں مختلف قسم کے بسکٹ کے ساتھ نفیس پیکنگ میں ایک چیز بند تھی ،میں نے اس کے بارے میں دکتورہ شائمہ سے پوچھا کہ یہ کیا ہے ؟انھوں نے کہا ’’خشک روٹی ‘‘میں پوچھا یہ بھی یہاں فروخت ہوتی ہے ۔اس نے بڑے اعتماد سے کہا کہ ہاں بالکل اور لوگ یہاں اس کو بڑے شوق سے کھاتے ہیں۔ ہوٹل کے عقب میں بیری کے دو تین درخت تھے جن پر پھل پک چکے تھے ،میں نے توڑ کر کھائے تو محسوس ہوا کہ تپتے صحرا نے ان کو پکانے اوررات کی چاندنی نے ان کو میٹھا بنانے میں کوئی کسر نہیں...
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises are major sector in Indian economy in relation with GDP (Gross Domestic Product), Export and Employment generation for the country. According to Ministry of Statistic and Programme Implementation (MOSPI), the share of MSME for Gross Value Added (GVA) in total GVA during the year 2016-17 was 31.8% which is considered as significant contribution to economy. As per Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS) the portion of MSME related products in total export from India during 2018-19 was 48.10% with this it is indicated most important sector for economy but after declaration of lockdown due to Covid-19 that lead to major impact on MSME sector. In this study researcher try to identify the PESTEL Environment after Covid-19 and ATMA-NIRBHAR BHARAT Abhiyan initiated by Indian Government on 12th May 2020. The major finding of the study indicated major decision are taken by government of India and Atma-Nirbhar Bharta Abhiyan give boost to MSMEs in future and widely increases number of MSMEs. In India movement also started Vocal for Local that lead to strengthen MSMEs in future.
Aspergillus carbonarius (NRRL–369) and Aspergillus oryzae from Aspergillus genus as well as Cladosporium carrionii and Cladosporium resinae (NRRL–6437) from Cladosporium genus were selected for the present study. Nutrient media were optimized for the growth and production of secondary metabolites. Out of five different media used, A. carbonarius and A. oryzae produced relatively more metabolites in Czapek–dox (Glucose and Starch) broth media (CGSB). Whereas; C. carrionii and C. resinae produced relatively more metabolites in Czapek yeast extracts broth (CYB). To further increase secondary metabolites productivity, two additional chemical compounds (suberoyl anilide hydroxamic acid; SAHA and 5–azacytidine; 5–AZA) were also used as chemical inducers for all fungi except C. carrionii. A dose of 10 μM/100 mL of SAHA resulted in higher secondary metabolites production from Aspergillus species and 15 μM/100 mL of SAHA resulted in higher secondary metabolites production from C. resinae. While a dose 15 μM/100 mL of 5–AZA resulted in higher secondary metabolites production from all the species. Secondary metabolites produced were then studied for its respective biological activities. In antibacterial assay a dose of 500 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extracted from A. carbonarius inhibited the growth of B. subtilis (64.5%), while for antifungal testing a dose of 1000 μg/mL ethyl acetate extract inhibited the linear growth of C. glabrata (58.5%). Whereas, in cytotoxic activities, dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extract showed 94% mortality against brine shrimps, while for phytotoxic activities, a dose 1000 μg/mL showed 90% mortality against Lemna. A dose of 500 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extracted from A. oryzae inhibited the growth of B. subtilis (94%), while for antifungal testing, a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ABSTRACT xxi ethyl acetate extract inhibited the linear growth of M. Canis (84%). Whereas, in cytotoxic activities a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extract showed 52% mortality against brine shrimps, while for phytotoxic activities, a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extract showed 67% mortality against Lemna. Furthermore, during the antibacterial assay a dose of 500 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extracted from C. carrionii inhibited the growth of B. subtilis (66%), while for antifungal testing a dose of 1000 μg/mL ethyl acetate extract inhibited the growth of C. albicans (60%). Whereas, in cytotoxic activities a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extract showed 87% mortality against brine shrimps, while for phytotoxic activities, a dose of 1000 μg/mL ethyl acetate extract showed 80% mortality against Lemna. Finally during the antibacterial assay a dose of 500 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extracted from C. resinae inhibited the growth of S. aureus (81%), while for antifungal testing a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extract inhibited the growth of A. flavus (15%), while in cytotoxic activities a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate showed 93% mortality against brine shrimps, while for phytotoxic activities, a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate showed 80% mortality against Lemna. The biological activities indicates that, the extracts from A. oryzae and C. carrionii inhibited the growth of experimental organisms with greater extent as compared to A. carbonarius and C. resinae; therefore, A. oryzae and C. carrionii were further selected for the isolation of pure metabolites. A total of three new and four known metabolites were isolated. Two new metabolites were isolated from A. oryzae while one new and four known metabolites were isolated from C. carrionii using preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and column chromatography techniques. The structures of all the compounds isolated were ABSTRACT xxii elucidated using (1D and 2D) NMR, IR and HR–MS techniques. The new metabolites were 6–butyl–3–methylene–2–oxotetrahydro–2H–pyran–4–carboxylic acid (A–41), 6–butyl–3–methylene–2–oxo–3,6–dihydro–2H–pyran–4–carboxylic acid (A–42) and (3S,6S)–3–allyl–6–benzylpiperazine–2,5–dione (D–44) whereas, the known metabolites were 5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one (C–43), 6–(3– methylbut–2–enyl)–1H–indole–3–carboxylic acid (45), 2-(4,6-dihydroxy-3-oxo-1,3- dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl) acetic acid (46) and 2-(4-hydroxy-1,3- dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl) acetic acid (47). The two new metabolites (A–41 and B–42) from A. oryzae were selected for the determination of their biosynthetic pathways using [1– 13C] labelled acetate. The [1– 13C] labelled acetate was added to the media on 4th, 5th and 6th days respectively. After the feeding of isotopic [1– 13C] labelled acetate as precursor, the labelled metabolites were isolated using HPLC and the pattern of their incorporation were determined using high field NMR. The basic idea of the present work was to isolate biologically active secondary metabolite(s) from fungi and to produce good quality of antibiotics for the welfare of the society.