The efficient parallelization of sparse matrix-vector product (SMVP) is of prime importance in scientific computing. To achieve this on a distributed memory computers, we concentrate on minimizing the inter-processor communication, achieving a good balance of workload, overlapping communication with computation along with optimizing single processor performance. The thesis consists of two parts presenting the optimization and improvement of sparse matrix-vector multiplication performance on single as well as multi processors. For the performance improvement of SMVP on a single scalar processor, we propose two sparse storage formats, namely the grouped compressed row storage with permutation (GCRSP) and the blocked compressed row storage with permutation (BCRSP). The proposed formats are designed to efficiently exploit the benefits of blocking such as reduced indirect addressing, increased spatial and temporal locality along with eliminating the corresponding overheads. For the good load balancing and low communication cost, reordering of sparse matrices according to their sparsity structure is highly important. For this purpose we proposed reordering based partitioning strategies that tend to exploit sparsity of input matrix presenting the balanced load distribution along with the reduced communication cost. It has been observed that GCRSP improves the performance over simple compressed row storage (CRS) and compressed row storage with permutation (CRSP) with an average of 16% and 25%, respectively. Moreover, due to blocking in BCRSP, the performance improvements of an average of 32%, 41% and 20% are observed over CRS, CRSP and GCRSP respectively. Likewise, the proposed partitioning models permuted row column matrix produce an average of 49% better load balancing and 14% better communication than the corresponding naïve row/column and checker board models. Moreover, they produce same level of balanced load and an average of 78% better communication than the corresponding balanced naïve partitioning i.e. row/column block and balanced checker board (BCH) models. On the whole an average of 30% performance gain for parallel SMVP is achieved by using BCRSP format along with permuted row partitioning over the implementation using CRS format with naïve row partitioning using cluster of eight processors.
6۔سیاسی سطح پر قوت فیصلہ کی کمی اور عدم دلچسپی حدود و قصاص قوانین کے نفاذ کےعمل میں ایک بڑی رکاوٹ حکومتی سطح پر قوت فیصلہ کی کمی اور عدم دلچسپی ہے ۔ اسلامی قوانین کے نفاذ کا کام جب بھی کیا جائے گا تو اس سے بہت سے لوگوں کے مفادات پر زدپڑے گی ۔ اس کام کو پایہ تکمیل تک پہنچانے کے لیے سیکولر طبقات ، سیاسی مفادات اور ملکی و غیر ملکی دباؤ کی پرواہ نہ کرتے ہوئے حکومت کو جرات مندانہ اقدام اٹھانا پڑیں گے ۔ ضرورت پڑنے پر قوت اور طاقت کا استعمال بھی کرنا پڑے گا ۔ رسو ل اللہ ﷺ نے حکومت اور حاکم کے حوالے سے ارشاد فرمایا "فَالْاِسْلَامُ اُسٌّ وَالسُّلْطَانُ حَارِسٌ وَّمَا لَا اُسَّ لَہُ یھَدِمٌ وَّمَا لَا حَارِسَ لَہ ضَائِعٌ " 501 " پس اسلام کی مثال ایک عمارت کی سی ہے اور حکومت گویا اس کی نگہبان ہے جس عمارت کی بنیاد نہ ہو وہ گرجاتی ہے اور جس کا نگہبان نہ ہو وہ لوٹ لیا جاتا ہے۔" لہذا اسلام کی عمارت قائم رکھنے کے لیے ایک مضبوط بنیاد اور طاقت ور دیانتدار چوکیدار کی ضرورت ہے۔ اب تک یہ ہوتا رہا ہے کہ ایک طبقے نے دباؤ ڈالا تو حکومت نے کوئی چھوٹا سا اسلامی قانون نا فذ کر دیا۔ لیکن جو کچھ ایک ہاتھ سے دیا، وہ دوسرے ہاتھ سے واپس بھی لے لیا ۔ اسلامی قوانین کے نفاذ اور عمل درآمد کے حوالے سے حکومتی لوگوں کے سیریس نہ ہونے کے حوالے سے مولانا زاہد الراشدی رقم طراز ہیں " کہ بحیثیت قوم ہمارے قومی ادارے اور کسی استثنا کے بغیر ہمارے تمام ریاستی ادارے نہ اسلام کے نظام میں سنجیدہ ہیں ، نہ سودی نظام کے خاتمے میں ، اور نہ ہی قومی خود مختاری کے حصول میں۔ انہیں اس سے کوئی دلچسپی...
Human Rights and Rights of Miorites areattractive slogans in the global canvas. In the history of human beings many religions, their leaders, empires, and institutions claimed that they provided many human rights to the citizens of their countries, but the truth is that they failed to provide a complete code of rights to their minorities. In this regard the Treaties of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) are a road line for all the Human beings, giving the fundamental rights, specially to non- MuslimMinoritess in the first Muslim state of Madinah. It has been highlighted in the Medina pact, contract with the Christian, people of Najran, letter of protection (Amman Nammah) for the people of Yamman, Maqna, Honain, Khaibar, Eilah, Ummay Hani, contract with Majoos, providing and sending them “ Letter of protection” to the people of Hajjar(Bihrin). There are many sayings in the books of Siah sittah and others giving the rights to the non-Muslim Minorities. This Paper ends by giving main principles of human right and providing some suggestions to solving the non-Muslims issues in mslim state in the light of treaties of the Holy Prophet ( Peace Be Upon Him).
A Critical Study of the Phonology of a Sub- Variety of Pakistani English under the Influence of Pashto In Pakistan there are several languages which are spoken in different regions as mother tongues. There are four major regional languages i.e. Balochi, Pashto, Punjabi and Sindhi.'In addition to these, Urdu is used as a lingua franca and the national language of the country. Language change is an established phenomenon; it changes horizontally (regionally) as well as vertically (socially) and naturally the same goes for the English language too which is used as a second language in our country. Since Ll influence is a reality, each regional language of the country influences the English language in its own right when it is used by Pakistanis from different regions. In this way, there emerge different varieties of the English language in Pakistan which need to be identified, explored and studied in detail to highlight similarities and differences in them. It will help in getting Pakistani English recognized the world over as a distinct variety and it will project our beautiful indigenous linguistic treasure too. It will help in identifying those difficulties which the speakers of different regional languages face when they learn English. The present study is an effort in this connection with regard to the Pashto language. The phonology of English spoken by Pakistani Pashto speaking people of the country is the focal point of this work. To be able to do it first the participants' loud reading in English was recorded and transcribed to mark all the deviations manifested in their pronunciation. Finally those deviations were judged against the British Standard English (RP) applying Contrastive Analysis (CA). It was done so because in Pakistan we do not have one variety of English accepted and recognized by all. The possible reasons of the deviations found, have also been shown up to facilitate Pashto speaking learners of English. At the end different suggestions and recommendations have been given to address those problems which are within our capacity.