Studies were conducted during Year 2003-2006 at Lakson Tobacco Company Limited (NWFP), Pakistan to find out effective monitoring system, population fluctuation and the role of Pest-host interactions in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Cigarette Beetle Lasioderma serricorne (F.) in terms of preference, consumption and utilization of food. Maximum (3.35) numbers of L. serricorne were captured on STORGARD® THINLINETM CB trap followed by New Serrico, STORGARD® THINLINETM COMBITM, STORGARD® DOMETM , Diamond Coopermill and light beetle trap with 2.47, 1.88, 1.79, 0.74 and 0.58 number of beetles respectively. Maximum 4.56 beetles and minimum 0.01 beetles population was recorded during the month of August, 2003 and January, 2004 respectively. Highest temperature (42 ̊C) was recorded during August 2003. Relative humidity was 65% during August, 2003. These findings showed that lower temperature and higher R.H suppressed the population build up of L. serricorne. Significant differences were observed in the rate of preference, consumption and utilization by larval and adult stages of L. serricorne. Flue-cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco was preferred the most by both larval and adult stages with 2.18 and 1.49 numbers respectively. Air-cured Burley (ACB) was the least preferred type with minimum number of both larvae (0.64) and adults (0.82) of L. serricorne. Multiple regression analyses of variance revealed that physico-morpho-chemical factors showed significant effects on the preference by L. serricorne larvae and adults. Reducing sugars and starch showed 93.7% variation in larval preference while moisture content, starch and nicotine showed 84.5% variation in adult preference. In case of consumption by L. serricorne, FCV was consumed the most by both larval (10.56mg) and adult (3.33mg) stages. Minimum consumption was found in case of ACB by larvae (2.92mg) and adults (1.67mg). Reducing sugars and magnesium contributed 54.9% towards variation in the larval consumption while chlorides, ash and starch showed 65.3% variation in the adult consumption. Maximum utilization (6.81mg) by larvae was observed on FCV followed by Sun-cured Rustica (SCR), Dark Air-cured (DAC) and ACB as 5.37, 4.27 and 2.23mg respectively. Adult had utilized maximum 3.07mg DAC. Least utilized type of tobacco by adult stage was (ACB) (1.31mg). pH and calcium found major contributing (48.3%) factors towards variation in larvae utilization while chlorides showed 23% variation in adult utilization.
جہاد کے نام پر اغوا کا کاروبار ایک المیہ ہے ہمارے معاشرے میں بہت سی تنظیمیں جن کا وجود اب معاشرے میں موجود ہے اور ان کی بہتات کی وجہ سے اکثر دشمن سادہ لوگوں کی سادگی کا فائدہ اٹھاتے ہیں کوئی مذہب کا واسطہ دے کر بچوں کے کچے ذہن سیکھیلتا ہے،تو کوئی وطن کی محبت کا لالچ دل میں ڈال کر ور غلاتا ہے۔غیرت کا سودا کرنے کا ہنر ایسی تنظیموں میں عروج پر پایا جاتا ہے۔گاؤں میں آکر ایسی تنظیمیں بچوں کو اپنے وطن کو خطرے میں بتا کر اور ان کے آباؤاجداد کے قصے سناکر ان کے ایمان کو ہتھیار بناکر کہ تم لوگ مومن ہو کیسے چپ بیٹھے ہو اور ان کوان کی مرضی سے یہاں سے ایک ایسی دنیا میں لے جایا جاتا ہے۔جہاں گھر والوں کو وہ اپنی مرضی سے چھوڑ چلے جاتے ہیں اور وہاں انھیں اپنے غلط عزائم کیلئے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔ایسی ہی صورت حال کا ذکر اس نے بھی کہانی میں کیا ہے ایک ایسا گروہ جس نے گاؤں کے سکول میں آکر کچھ ایسے ہی کہانی سنا کر بچوں کو جہاد کے نام پر اپنے ساتھ لے گئے۔لکھتے ہیں :
’’کہتے ہیں جس یاجوج ماجوج کا ذکر قرآن میں آیا ہے وہ قوم بڑی ظالم ہیاور اس نے ہماری دیواروں کوچاٹ کر توڑ دیا ہے۔اگر انھیں نہ روکا گیا تو سب کو کھا جائیں گے۔اس لیے اپنے آپ کوبچانے کیلئے نکلو‘‘(13)
یہاں مصنف نے ناول کو ایک نیا موڑ دیا۔ عدیلہ جو کہ عماد کی ماں ہے وہ اپنے بیٹے کی جدائی میں اس گروہ کے پیچھے لگ گئی اور سارا ماجرا سامنے آگیا۔یعنی یہ تنظیم جو کہ جہاد کے نام پر ...
This research aims to identify the influence of e-wom, e-trust and family on online purchasing decisions of generation Z in the city of Pekanbaru. This research involved 120 people belonging to generation Z. Samples were taken using a purposive random sampling technique. Data was obtained through distributing questionnaires whose validity and reliability had previously been tested. To test the hypothesis, multiple linear regression analysis, partial significance test (t test) and simultaneous significance test (f test) and determinant coefficient test were carried out. The results of data processing show that simultaneously e-WOM, e-trust and family have a significant influence on online purchasing decisions, but partially only the e-WOM and e-trust variables have a significant influence while the family variable does not have a significant influence on the Z generation's online purchasing decisions in the city of Pekanbaru.
Modern technological systems consist of many components with strong interactions between them. Faults may cause an unacceptable loss of the system functionality, instability, or fatality. Systems capable of automatically detecting, diagnosing faults, and maintaining the overall functionality are desirable. Fault diagnosis (FDD) is a process that detects, locates, andnds nature of fault. Fault tolerant control (FTC) system has the ability to tolerate faults. Among dynamical systems, switched systems (SS) have numerous applications in control of robotics, automotive industry, aircraft and air tra c control, industrial electronics (power converters) etc. A typical SS is composed of a family of subsystems and a rule that governs the switching among them. Ideally, the FDD/FTC systems are designed on the basis of assumption that it is switching synchronously with corresponding subsystems of SS; that is; FDD/FTC system switches exactly at the time of switching in the switched system to be monitored. However, in practice, the switching in FDD/FTC system lags the switching of the switched system to be monitored. This creates a particular interest in the design of FDD/FTC systems especially when there is event-based switching. In this dissertation, the term\asynchronous" is used to illustrate this situation. This thesis studies the design of FDD and FTC systems of SS under asynchronous switching scenario, in the presence of disturbances and noise (unknown inputs). In therst part, a framework for fault detection and isolation (FDI) is proposed. The residual (symptom signal) is so generated that it is sensitive to faults and robust against disturbances. A multi-objective problem is formulated based on H?=H1ltering. Using the average dwell time approach and the piecewise Lyapunov function technique, su cient conditions are suggested in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) to guarantee the stability and desired performance. In addition, the proposed framework has also been extended to design FDI strategy for uncertain SSs. A norm-bounded uncertainty is considered. To improve the FDD capability adaptive threshold scheme is developed. xiii In the second part, fault estimation (FE) and FTC schemes are proposed. The proposed framework is based on unknown input observer (UIO) and H1 optimization. On the basis of FE, recon guring control law approach is utilized to tolerate faults. To this end, an integrated approach for FE/FTC is proposed for SSs. The last part of this dissertation addresses another very important problem of highly practical interest; that is, the design of fault detection (FD) scheme for switched system with state delays, under asynchronous switching. The tools from robust control theory, Lyapunov stability theory, and linear matrix inequality are used to propose the schemes. To demonstrate the e ectiveness of the proposed schemes, the algorithms have been tested on the dynamics of highly maneuverable aircraft technology (HiMAT) and battery converter unit (BCU) of hybrid electric vehicle.