اقبال، محمد، ڈاکٹر
ماتم اقبال
وَقَعَتِ الْوَاقِعَۃُ [الواقعۃ:۱]آخر موت اور حیات کی چند ہفتوں کی کشمکش کے بعد ڈاکٹر اقبال نے دنیائے فانی کو الوداع کہا، صفر کی انیسویں اور اپریل کی اکیسویں کی صبح کو عمر کی اکسٹھ بہاریں دیکھ کر اور شاعری کی دنیا میں چالیس برس چہچہا کر یہ بلبل ہزار داستان اب ہمیشہ کے لیے خاموش ہوگیا، وہ ہندوستان کی آبرو، مشرق کی عزت، اور اسلام کا فخرتھا، آج دنیا ان ساری عزتوں سے محروم ہوگئی، ایسا عارف فلسفی، عاشقِ رسول شاعر، فلسفہ اسلام کا ترجمان اور کاروانِ ملت کا حدی خواں صدیوں کے بعد پیدا ہوا تھا، اور شاید صدیوں کے بعد پیدا ہو، اس کے دہن کا ہر ترانہ بانگِ دار، اس کی جانِ حزیں کی ہر آواز زبورِ عجم، اس کے دل کی ہر فریاد پیامِ مشرق، اس کے شعر کا ہر پرواز بال جبریل تھا، اس کی فانی عمر گو ختم ہوگئی، لیکن اس کی زندگی کا ہر کارنامہ ، جاوید نامہ بن کر انشاء اﷲ باقی رہے گا، امید ہے کہ ملت کا یہ غمخوار شاعر اب عرشِ الٰہی کے سایہ میں ہوگا، اور قبول و مغفرت کے پھول اس پر برسائے جارہے ہوں گے، خداوند! اس کے دلِ شکستہ کی جو ملت کے غم سے رنجور تھا، غمخواری فرما! اور اپنی ربانی نوازشوں سے اس کے قلبِ حزیں کو مسرور کر۔
مرحوم کی زندگی کا ہر لمحہ ملت کی زندگی کے لیے ایک نیا پیام لاتا تھا، وہ توحید خالص کا پرستار، دین کامل کا علمبردار، اور تجدید ملت کا طلبگار تھا، اس کے رونگٹے رونگٹے میں رسول انام علیہ السلام کا عشق پیوست تھا، اور اس کی انکھیں جسمِ اسلام کے ہر ناسور پر اشکبار رہتی تھیں، اس نے مستقبلِ اسلام کا ایک خواب دیکھا تھا، اسی خواب کی تعبیر میں اس کی ساری عمر...
With the start of the codification of Muslim Personal Law in the Muslim countries, the question of exclusion and deprivation of orphan grand-children of the deceased from heir ship has gained importance. Bringing of section 4 on statute book was the result of the recommendations of the Commission on Marriage and Family Laws 1956. It was based on so-called ijtihād which caused confusion in the Islamic law of inheritance. Hence by declaring the section 4 repugnant to the injunctions of Islam, the Federal Shariʻat Court observed that the concept of “compulsory will” is an appropriate alternate to this problem. The court explains that making a will in favor of orphan grandchildren out of an estate of grandparents to the extent of one third would be very plausible solution to meet the socio- economic problem. The article aims to elaborate the concept of making of a will specially wasiyat wajiba in favor of orphan grandchildren. Various juristic opinions, rulings and legislation of Muslim countries have been analyzed in this regard. Majority of jurists are of the opinion that the making of will in the said case is only recommended and not mandatory. However according to some jurists it is mandatory. In this condition the legislative body may take steps to amend the law so as to bring the said provision in conformity with the injunctions of Islam.
Among the major cucurbit vegetables, Cucumis melo has one of the highest polymorphic fruit types and botanical varieties. The present study was performed to evaluate the morphological and genetic diversity among different genotypes of Snapmelon (Cucumis melo var. momordica) taken from all the four provinces of Pakistan. For the morphological diversity various plant, leaf and fruit parameters were studied according to IPGRI-1998 plant descriptor. Data of these parameters was recorded in 40 genotypes of Snapmelon collected from different parts of the country. Young leaves of these genotypes were collected for DNA extraction through CTAB method, which was used for genetic analysis by SSR Markers. Principle component analysis was used to indicate the morphological diversity among 40 genotypes of Snapmelon collected from diverse origins of Pakistan. These showed the highest phenotypic diversity between the wild and the domesticated genotypes of Hyderabad and Nankana (tehsils), respectively. The morphological markers concluded the fact that the diversity exists in the landraces of Snapmelon in vegetative as well as in the reproductive characters. Moreover, the morphological markers revealed that most of the landraces of same geographical area clustered differently, which depicts the movement of the germplasm to other areas through various means. On the contrary, the results of the qualitative and quantitative analysis showed that the few Snapmelon landraces collected from diverse regions clustered together which indicate some type of commonality of origin among the germplasm of those landraces. The results of this research also support the view that morphological and chemical contents in fruits are reliable in estimating genetic relationships among the landraces of Snapmelon and can be used efficiently for discrimination. This study showed that Pakistani Snapmelon germplasm is a rich source of variation for traits of economic interests. This conclusion came from the high significant differences among the Snapmelon germplasm analyzed for quantitative variables combined with high standard deviation values and the presence of two or more phenotypic classes per trait. SSR markers were also tested on Snapmelon germplasm which yielded valuable information on the genetic relationships of these landraces. The genetic analysis through principle coordinate analysis and dendrogram showed that the 13 wild landraces were distinguished from all domesticated landraces collected from various regions of the country. In conclusion, the genetic diversity exists in various traits of Snapmelon landraces which can be further exploited to develop new combinations through conventional or biotechnological tools.