The current investigation is carried out to detect the pharmacognostic, physicochemical and pharmacological evaluation of leaf, stem bark and root of Ehretia serrata Roxb. andEhretia obtusifolia Hochst. Ex A. DC which belongs to the family Boraginaceae. The morphological study showed that E. serrata is a small size deciduous tree, less than 10 m tall, locally named as puran and punna in Urdu.Its Leaf is simple with oblong shape (5-16 cm long and 2.8-6.5 cm wide), serrulated margins and glabrous surface. E. serrata contains drupe globose type fruit with yellowish green-light color when unripe and black when ripe. Stem bark is irregular with up to 2.5 cm wide, dark brown outer color and whitish golden inner surface color. E. obtusifolia is a deciduous small shrub or small tree up to 6 m tall; straggling or with several branches from the base. The Leaf is oblong-elliptic or oboviate with obtuse apex, entire margins and reticulate venation. Microscopic study of E. serrata showed the presence of conical trichomes and anomocytic type of stomata on both surfaces where as anisocytic type of stomata was observed only on the lower epidermis with stomatal index 36.7μ. Upper surface showed 30.4 μ stomatal index. Other parameter includes palisade ratio (6.4+0.894 per mm2), vein Islet number (19.4+1.79 per mm2), stomata number (21.8+1.78 per mm2) and vein termination number (10.6+1.987 per mm2). A Similar microscopic anatomical study was carried out of leaf of E. obtusifolia and we observed two types of trichomes i.e simple conical trichomes and capitate glandular trichome on both surfaces. Stomatal cluster was observed only on the lower epidermis with three types of stomata i.e anomocytic, anisocytic and hemiparacytic. Other observed parameters were palisade ratio (6.2 + 0.81 per mm2), vein islets number (18.6 + 1.14 per mm2), vein termination number (8.2 + 0.828 mm2), stomatal number (21.8 + 1.78 per mm2) and stomatal index (35.7 + 6.12 μ). Stem bark anatomy of both experimented plants showed clear layers of cork, cork cambium, phloem elements, medullary rays and tracheids, etc. Fruit anatomy of both plants showed a clear distinction between three layers of pericarps and seeds.Powder drug microscopy of leaf, stem bark and fruits of E. serrata and E. obtusifolia was carried out and observed stomata, epidermal cells, fibers, tracheids and vessels, etc. Results of qualitative preliminary phytochemical screenings of examining parts of E. serrata and E. obtusifolia are given, presenting the presence of phenol compounds, starch, protein, reducing sugar, steroids, terpenoids, fats, aldehydes, anthraquinones, glycosides, amino acids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, phlobatannin. Similarly, results of a fluorescence study of leaf, stem bark and fruit of E. serrata and E. obtusifolia are also given. Results of elemental analysis showed the presence of some essential elements in all examined parts of these two plants. The most abundant elements found in all three parts of E. serrata and E. obtusifolia were Mg, Na, and Fe and which may contribute to analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of these plants. Proximate analysis of both plants showed carbohydrate, proteins, fibers, fats and moisture in fairly large amounts. The methanolic extracts of E. serrata and E. obtusifolia leaf, stem bark and fruit were non-toxic against Swiss albino mice. Methanolic extract of leaf of E. serrata showed the highest (P<0.01) cytotoxic activity (83.3%) with the LD50 values 15.29 µg/mL at dose level 1000 µg/mL and in E. obtusifolia the fruit methanolic extract showed highest (P<0.01)(80.0%) cytotoxic activity at 1000 µg/mL with an LD50 value of 16.07 µg/mL. All experimented parts of both plants showed non-significant (P>0.05) Phytotoxic activity at all dose levels of 10, 100 and 1000 µg/mL. The anti-oxidant effect of all parts (leaf, stem bark and fruit) of both plants was dose dependent. High (94.1%) DPPH inhibition was shownby stem bark extract of E. serrata at dose level 1000 µg/mL after 60 min and fruit extract of E. obtusifolia (85.01%) at level 1000 µg/mL after 30 minutes. Based on IC50 (µg/mL) stem bark of E. obtusifolia and leaf of E.serrata showed significant values as compared to ascorbate. Both plant methanolic extract was not that much more effective against bacterial strains inhibition. The prominent antibacterial zone (7 mm) was observed in the leaf methanolic extract of E.serrata as compared to reference drug (31.5 mm) at dose level 1000 µg/mL. Similarly, different parts of E. obtusifolia tested against various bacteria which showed no significant results and the most prominent (7 mm) anti-bacterial zone was observed at dose level 1000 µg/mL of leaf extract compared to reference drug (30.2 mm). Toxicological studies showed that both plants are safe for human use. Analgesic effect was found dose dependent and time dependent and all parts of both investigated parts (P<0.05) showed significant results. The highly significant analgesic effect was shown by all experimented parts (P<0.01) at all dose level 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg over 60 minutes in E. Serrata except stem bark. Stem bark of E. obtusifolia showed highly significant (P<0.01) at all dose after 60 minutes. Anti-inflammatory effect of all three investigated parts of E. serrata and E. obtusifolia were observed and it is noticed that all parts of E. serrata showed high significancy (P<0.01) at all dose i.e 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg after 2 and 3 hours. Similar results were shown by E.obtusifolia. Antispasmodic effects of methanolic extract of leaf stem bark and fruit of E. serrata and E. obtusifolia was tested in swiss albino mice. Stem bark methanolic extract showed highly significant (P<0.01) results at dose of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg. E. obtusifolia causes better relaxation of the smooth muscles at very low concentrations. Leaf extract at dose of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, fruit at level of 300 mg/kg and stem bark at all dose showed highly significant (P<0.01) results thus providing a scientific proof for its ethnopharmacological use as an antispasmodic drug. The present study has revealed the enormous and different medicinal properties of E. serrata and E. obtusifolia both can be exploited for therapeutic preparations on a commercial scale.
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
36:01 a. Ya. Sin.
36:02 a. The Qur’an - full of Wisdom is an evidence of the fact that -
36:03 a. truly, you - O The Prophet - are of The Messengers,
36:04 a. - guided upon the Right Path,
36:05 a. it is a revelation being sent down onto you by The Almighty, The Infinitely Compassionate,
36:06 a. so that you can warn a people whose forefathers were never warned, b. so they have remained heedless of the true faith and right guidance.
36:07 a. Indeed, the Word of misguidance is bound to be true against most of them, so they are not going to believe.
36:08 a. Indeed, WE have placed iron collars around their necks, up to their chins, so their heads are upturned, aloft and made stiff-necked so as not to see the Right Path.
36:09 a. And WE have set a barrier in front of them and a barrier behind them, b. thus WE have blindfolded them from all sides in the darkness of ignorance so they can no longer see the light of truth and guidance.
36:10 a. Thus, it is all the same to them whether you warn them, or do not warn them, b. they are not going to believe.
36:11 a. However, you can only warn someone who - follows the Reminder – The Qur’an - and - remains in awe of The Immensely Merciful despite not...
تناولت الدراسة أسلوب التحليل الاستراتيجي بأسلوب (SWOT) ومدى تأثيره فـي إدارة الأزمات والمتغيرات السريعة للبيئة داخلياً وخارجياً وبروزه كأداة لتشخيص الوضع الحالي وخيارات التأثير عـلى شكـل المستقبل، فـي ظل تباين وتعدد واستشراء الأزمات، تهدف الدراسة إلى التعريف بأسلوب التحليل (SWOT) وأهميته فـي تحليل الواقع واستشراف المستقبل وإتاحة الخيارات، تتلخص مشكـلة الدراسة فـي طرق استقراء البيئة فـي ظل وجود تطور فـي الأزمات، ويتضح ذلك بجلاء عند طول أمد الأزمات، ويتفرع مـنها ماهية أسلوب (SWOT) ودورة فـي استقراء الواقع وكيفـية الحد مـن الأزمات عبر التخطيط الاستراتيجي وماهية خيارات إدارة الأزمة. سلكت الدراسة المـنهج الوصفـي التحليلي الاستشرافـي. توصلت الدراسة لعدد مـن النتائج:: أن أسلوب (SWOT) يشخص البيئة الداخلية والخارجية ويستقرئ الفجوات ويقترح خيارات التعامل مع المستقبل، ويعد أسلوب (SWOT) ضروري لتفادي عنصر المـباغتة فـي إدارة الأزمات ووسيلة لتوضيح المتغيرات واستراتيجية لصنع القرار، يُعَدُّ أسلوب التحليل (SWOT) مـن أفضل أساليب التحليل التخطيط الاستراتيجي، لا سيما فـي إدارة الأزمات، لكونه يصوِّب الانحرافات ويعدِّد الخيارات فـي ظل ظروف عدم التأكد، وإن مـن أهم سمات التحليل (SWOT) توجيه الأنظار نحو ما تحتويه البيئة الداخلية والخارجية مـن فرص والتحديات ونقاط الضعف والقوة لتقويم العمل الإداري والفني بغية معالجتها والحد مـن آثارها.
A study was carried out to estimate metal pollution lead and cadmium (Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ ) emitting from automobiles and selection of suitable metal indicators which reflect the pollution level in the atmosphere. Two roads i.e. Motorway (M-3) and National Highway (N- 5) were selected for the purpose of study. The dust and plant samples were collected and Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ contents were recorded at five selected sites of M-3 and N-5. The dust and plant samples 50 m away from both roads were kept as reference control while soil control were taken 15 m away due to irrigated field started and analyzed for Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ profile. The maximum Pb 2+ concentration (conc.) i.e. 0.00075 mg g -1 was observed in dust samples of Hojan Town and minimum conc. (0.00016 mg g -1 ) was recorded in Kamalpur Sargodha road. The data collected from N-5 showed maximum Pb 2+ conc. (0.000244 mg g -1 ) at ZIS-textiles and minimum Pb 2+ conc. (0.00042 mg g -1 ) for roadside side dust samples. The maximum Pb 2+ conc. (0.00044 mg g -1 ) was found in roadside soil of Hojan town than that of control (0.00018 mg g -1 ) at M-3 while the high Pb 2+ value (0.0032 mg g -1 ) for roadside soil samples of Sitara valley was followed by conc. (0.00021 mg g -1 ) recorded for Chak. No. 60 Saudagarpur to their respective controls at N-5. All the gas exchange attributes like photosynthetic and transpiration rate, stomatal conductance (g s ), internal Carbon dioxide concentration (C i ), water use efficiency (WUE) of roadside plants on both roads decreased for plants which were growing away from the roadside. A decrease was also estimated in total soluble sugars, total free amino acids and total soluble proteins in all the under study plants on both roads. The Pb 2+ conc. was high in smoke samples of bus and coach at Pindi Bhattian Interchange on M-3 and same conc. was noted at Gutwala interchange at N-5. The C. procera accumulated more Pb 2+ (0.0024 mg g -1 ) in their unwashed leaves while 0.00017 mg g -1 was found in washed leaves however low Pb 2+ conc. was noticed in P. robelenii at M- 3 while at N-5, N. oleander accumulated more Pb 2+ i.e. 0.00186 mg g -1 in their leaves while less accumulation of Pb 2+ (0.0012 mg g -1 ) was noticed in unwashed leaves of P. hysterophorus. The high Cd 2+ contents (0.000024 mg g -1 ) were found in unwashed leaves of C. ciliaris and low conc. (0.000016 mg g -1 ) was recorded in C. procera at M-3 while high deposition of Cd 2+ i.e. 0.00007 mg g -1 was noticed in P. hysterophorus and low Cd 2+ traces (0.00002 mg g -1 ) was measured in unwashed leaves of C. ciliaris at N-5.