Home > Pharmacognostic Standardardization and Bioinspired Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Gold / Silver Nanoparticles of Euphorbia Wallichii Hook.
Pharmacognostic Standardardization and Bioinspired Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Gold / Silver Nanoparticles of Euphorbia Wallichii Hook.
In the current study Euphorbia wallichii was evaluated through pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies. Euphorbia wallichii was standardized pharmacognostically, revealed hypostomatic nature with anisocytic and paracytic stomata.Vein islet vein termination number stomatal index and palisade ratio were determined as leaf surface constants. Powder drug of shoot and rhizome revealed various structures. The phytochemical evaluation showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, reducing sugars, phenols, proteins, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phytosterols. Moreover, Green approach was employed to synthesize metallic nanoparticles, using phyto-organic molecules as reducing, capping and stabilizing agents. Both the shoot extract (SE) and rhizome extract (RE) were capable for the reduction of Ag+ (in AgNO3 solution) and Au+3 (in HAuCl4 solution) and capping the respective metals, leads to the synthesis and stabilization of AgNPs and AuNPs respectively. Both AgNPs and AuNPs were characterized by Uv_Vis spectrophotometer showing maximum absorption in the range of 400 to 500 nm and 500 to 600 nm respectively. SEM revealed spherical morphology and diversity in size distribution of both SE and RE mediated AgNPs and AuNPs. XRD pattern confirm crystalline nature with fcc geometry. FTIR confirmed functional groups associated with the reduction of Ag+ and Au+3 and capping the synthesized nanoparticles. Elemental mapping of both AgNPs and AuNPs was sketched through EDX spectroscopes, which confirm the presence of elemental Au and Ag at different KeV energy levels. Acute toxicity assay validate that SE is more toxic than RE to experimental animals causing mortality at 1500mg/kg bw and 2000mg/kg bw respectively. Analgesic activity authenticates dose and time dependant analgesia, where NPs were more potent than their respective extracts alones. Generally, both SE and RE mediated AgNPs produced significant analgesia at 30 min of drug administration while SE and RE mediated AuNPs were more pronounced at 60 and 90 min of drugs administration. Muscle relaxant potential of SE, RE and their mediated AuNPs and AgNPs were also dose dependant. Nanoparticles were observed to be comparatively more efficient than the extracts alone. Generally, RE and RE mediated AgNPs and AuNPs exhibited more spasmolytic activity than SE and SE mediated AgNPs and AuNPs respectively. Lethal dose for 50% population (LD50) against Aedes egypti larvae for SE and Se mediated AgNPs and AuNPs were 8.23 µg/ml, 6.99 µg/ml and 11.08 µg/ml while for RE and RE mediated AgNPs and AuNPs were 34.03 µg/ml, 8.25 µg/ml and 14.33µg/ml respectively.Cytotoxicity against the shrimp’s larvae was dependent on dose concentration. The lethal dose of SE, SE mediated AgNPs and AuNPs for 50% (LD50) mortality of shrimp’s larvae population was15.53 µg/ml, 7.01 µg/ml and 6.60 µg/ml respectively. RE, RE mediated AgNPs and AuNPs 18 produced mortality of shrimp’s population with LD50 values of 24.17 µg/ml, 23.25 µg/ml and 12.51µg/ml respectively. Extract from both parts and their mediated gold and silver nanoparticles exhibited a high degree of antioxidant under different times (30, 60 and 90 Min) of incubation. The reduction of DPPH in optical density at 517 nm was dependent on both dose concentration and time of incubation. Both SE, RE and their derived AgNPs and AuNPs produced promising bactericidal effect against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, B. pumilus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsella pneumoniae. Different bacterial strains showed variable response to various experimental treatments, where AgNPs of both SE and SE were more pronounced than AuNPs and extracts alone. Antifungal efficacy was tested against Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, A. paraciticus, Fusarium solani and A. niger. Fusarium solani was comparatively more resistant where A. niger was the most susceptible fungus amongst the used strains in the current experiment. Promastigotes of Leishmania tropica respond to SE, SE mediated AgNPs and AuNPs with LD50s as 34.73 µg/ml, 13.86 µg/ml and 21.3 µg/ml respectively, while RE, RE mediated AgNPs and AuNPs were potent against the L. tropica with LD50s as 69.73 µg/ml, 27.30 µg/ml and 41.88 µg/ml respectively. Lemna minor bioassay validate that RE was more phytotoxic than SE and AuNPs were more toxic than AgNPs.
In contemporary world several efforts have been made to restore the global peace, harmony and co-existence, and still the struggles continue but in vain. There are some serious problems to be addressed in the first phase. Some of these problems, for interfaith harmony and co-existence are associated with political and economical imbalance or injustice, while some of these are related to social and collective values at the world level, particularly in the Muslim society. In the past, political and economic motives were responsible for wars. It is predicted that in future the situation will remain the same. However Religious extremism and fundamentalism are just slogans of the western world for covring up real economic intentions. Western world particularly Americans promote wars for achievement of economic gains. This article focuses on the real causes of terrorisim, which is threatening our globe. Moreover it also suggests how to control these issues and help in the restoration of peace and interfaith harmony. The economic, political and social causes have been highlighted in detail. The big powers while talking of helping the developing countries want in reality to exploit economically those countries.
Pakistan is a subtropical, semiarid country of 79.61 M ha area, which relies heavily on agricultural production to supply food for its rapidly increasing population of over 135 million. The country is divided into four regions, two of which contain the majority of the flat topographic plains having the bulk of 21 M ha of cultivated land. There are two general cropping seasons in tropical flat plains of Pakistan i.e. Rabi (winter) and Kharif (summer) season. Cotton, maize, rice and wheat are the main crops of Pakistan. Majority of Pakistani soils are calcareous and alkaline with pH in the range 7.5 to 9.5. These soils reduce the availability of P considerably as P is converted to insoluble forms at this pH. Overall, P fertilizer application to Pakistani soils is inadequate. Energy crisis, high prices of phosphatic fertilizers and their shortage at peak crop requirement has become a serious issue in Pakistan. Rock phosphate (RP) has low bio-solubility of about 0.1 % under alkaline conditions if applied directly. Therefore, bio-solubilization RP to release P needs to be boosted up using some innovative approaches. Pakistan by default contains considerable quantity of economical reasonable quality RP in Abbottabad and Haripur districts. However, extensive scientific work is needed so that local rock phosphate may be used for P nutrition. Under this research plan four consecutive experimental units were performed to enhance total and water soluble P content in RP. In the first study, local and imported rock phosphates in combination with different materials of organic nature were applied. The purpose of above research proposal was to explore role of organic materials for P release from local & imported RP and P uptake by maize crop. Maximum solubilization of P was achieved when filter cake press mud (FCP) was applied in combination with rock phosphate. The 2nd study comprised of 7 treatments with three replications. Use of dewaxed filter cake press mud was evaluated as most suitable source of local rock phosphate. Third study of this research proposal comprised of 7 treatments which were replicated thrice. Combined use of FCP with RPR and TSP performed better than their individual use. Use of organic amendment improved soil organic carbon fraction of soil compared to control. The 4th study was conducted in the field using RCBD with five treatments. Exogenous application of FCP along with indigenous Hazara rock phosphate RPR and NK proved as better nutritional source compared to control. Further, application of selected organic manure (dewaxed filter cake press mud) improved soil organic carbon fraction in similar environment condition.