The research is a multidimensional including pharmacognostic, phytochemical evaluations and pharmacological activities and was conducted during 2009 – 2011 on Datura innoxia Miller, Solanum surattense Burm.f., Solanum nigrum Linn, Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal and Withania somnifera Linn. The pharmacognostic studies showed that Datura innoxia root was slightly pungent, cylindrical and had fibrous fracture while stem was slight green with trichomes. Leaves were alternate, dentate and ovate and fruits were succulent and capsule. Solanum nigrum root had uneven fracture while stem was dark green with trichomes. Leaves were sinuate to irregular dentate and ovate and fruits were berry. Solanum surattense root had uneven & fibrous fracture while stem was prostate, dark green, leaves were pinnatifid and elliptic oblong and fruits were berry. Withania somnifera root had fibrous fracture while stem was errect, shrubby, leaves were ovate, acute, entire and fruits were berry. Withania coagulans root had fibrous fracture while stem was errect, shrubby, leaves were ovate, obtuse, entire and fruits were berry. The anatomical study of the root exhibited that the roots of these plants had epidermis, casparian strips, tracheae, medullary rays, vascular bundles, while the stem contained epidermis, hypodermis, vascular tissues, pith, medullary rays, endodermis, pericycle, cortical cells were present in all the five plants that were investigated and besides these idioblast cells were only present in the stem of S. nigrum. The vein islet number was highest (22.5 – 27.75) in W. coagulans and was lowest (11.5 – 16.5) in D. innoxia, while the vein termination number was highest (22.5 – 26.75) in W. somnifera and was lowest (11.75 – 17.5) in W. coagulans and the palisade ratio was highest (27.5 – 34.5) in W. coagulans and was lowest (10.75 – 18.5) in S. nigrum. The study reported variation in the structure and distribution of stomata in these plants and included types, frequency, density, stomatal index, size of guard cells & stomatal pore and percentage of the open and close stomata. In these five plants the upper epidermises contain anisocytic, anomotetracytic and amphianisocytic and the lower epidermises of these plants contain paracytic, anomotetracytic, anisocytic and amphianisocytic. The statistical evaluation of the stomata and epidermis included mean, variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variance, standard error and 95% confidence interval for mean. Alkaloids, saponins, proteins, fats, anthraquinone derivatives, cellulose, calcium oxalates were present in all parts of the plants species while mucilage, starch and tanins were present in some parts while absent in other parts of the same plants. ANOVA showed that ash and moisture contents was non significant between the plant parts and phenological stages. Crude protein was non significant between the plant parts and phenological stages except for Datura innoxia parts but not for its phenolgical stages. While crude fats were non significant between the plant parts and phonological stages except for S. nigrum and S. surattense parts but not for their phenolgical stages. Crude fiber was non significant between the plant parts and phonological stages except for Datura innoxia parts but not for its phenolgical stages. And carbohydrates was non significant between the plant parts and phenological stages except for the phenolgical stages of S. surattense and W. coagulans. The mineral analysis showed the presence of Cr, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ca, K, Mg and Na in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits of the plants in three different phenological stages. Only the micro-minerals were present in traces while the macro- minerals were present high quantities as compared to the micro-minerals. The methanolic extract of D. innoxia exhibited maximum activity against Escherchia coli and minimum activity against Klebsella pneumoni, S. nigrum showed maximum activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and minimum activity against Staphylococcus aereus, S. surattense showed maximum activity against P. aeruginosa and minimum activity against Salmonella typhi, W. somnifera exhibited maximum activity against K. pneumoni and minimum activity against S. typhi, W. coagulans exhibited maximum activity against S. typhi and minimum activity against S. aereus. The methanolic extract of the D. innoxia, S. surattense and W. somnifera showed maximum activity while in case of S. nigrum and W. coagulans the acetone extract exhibited maximum activity against the bacterial strains. As far as the antifungal activity the methanolic extract of D. innoxia exhibited maximum activity against Aspergillus parasiticus and low activity against Fusarium solani, S. nigrum showed maximum activity against A. parasiticus and low activity against A. flavus and Candida glabarata, S. surattense showed maximum activity against C. glabarata and low activity against F. solani, W. somnifera exhibited maximum activity against Candida albicans and low activity against C. glabarata and W. coagulans showed maximum activity against Aspergillus niger and low activity against A. flavus. Overall the methanolic extract showed maximum activity as compared to the acetone extract. All the plants showed cytoxicity to some extents. The LD50 of the methanolic extract of D. innoxia was 94.86, S. nigrum was 93.73, S. surattense was 95.18, W. somnifera was 93.66 and W. coagulans was 94.86. LD50 of the acetone extract of D. innoxia was 87.75, S. nigrum was 86.78, S. surattense was 74.31, W. somnifera was 86.56 and W. coagulans was 93.66. Both the methanolic and acetone extracts of the all the plants are phytotoxic in nature. But the toxicity varied with the change in concentration. The maximum toxicity (87.27%) was exhibited by the methanolic extract of D. innoxia at the concentration of 10 μg/ml and lowest toxicity (54.54%) was showed at the concentration of 1000 μg/ml by W. coagulans. The maximum toxicity (92.72%) was exhibited by the acetone extract of S. nigrum at the concentration of 10 μg/ml and lowest toxicity (54.54%) was showed at the concentration of 1000 μg/ml by D. innoxia, S. nigrum and W. coagulans. The maximum mortality was exhibited by methanolic extract of D. innoxia against Callobrochus analis and the minimum mortality was exhibited against Rhyzopertha dominica, S. nigrum showed maximum mortality against Trochoderma granarium and the minimum mortality against R. dominica. S. surattense exhibited maximum mortality against Sitophilus oryzae and the minimum mortality against T. granarium, W. somnifera showed maximum mortality against R. dominica and the minimum mortality against C. analis and W. coagulans exhibited maximum mortality against C. analis and the minimum mortality against R. dominica. Generally the methanolic extract showed the maximum mortality against these insects however, there were very few insects against which the acetone extract exhibited maximum mortality viz, D. innoxia against Tribolium castaneum, S. nigrum against R. dominica, S. surattense against C. analis.
اللہ کے نام سے شروع کرتی ہوں جو بڑا مہربان نہایت رحم والا ہے۔ سب سے پہلے رحیم و کریم پروردگار کی شکر گزار ہوں جس نے مجھے شعور عطا کیا اور جس کے رحم و کرم سے میرے مقالہ کی تکمیل ہوئی بعدازاں تعداد درود و سلام حضرت محمد ﷺکی ذات با برکت پر جو اس کائنات کی وجہ تخلیق ہیں۔
میں یونیورسٹی آف سیالکوٹ کے وائس چانسلر جناب ڈاکٹر سعید الحسن چشتی صاحب اور ڈین جناب ڈاکٹر سلیم اختر صاحب کی شکر گزار ہوں جن کی مخلصانہ کوششوں سے اس یونیورسٹی میں ایم فل اردو پروگرام کا آغاز کیا گیا۔ ان کی سربراہی میں سازگار ماحول اور قابل اساتذہ مہیا کئے کہ جن کی رہنمائی میں ایم فل کا حصو ل ممکن ہوا۔
میں بے حد ممنون ہوں صدر شعبہ اردو ڈاکٹر مشتاق احمدعادل کی جنہوں نے مقالہ نگاری کے دوران مخلصانہ رہنمائی کے ذریعے بھرپور معاونت کی اور شعبہ اردو کے دیگر اساتذہ کرام، ڈاکٹر عبدالستار نیازی، ڈاکٹر عامر اقبال, میڈم ماریہ بلال اورڈاکٹر یوسف اعوان کی جنہوںنے تدریسی عمل اور مقالہ نگاری کے دوران میری رہنمائی کی۔ اللہ سے دعا ہے کہ ہمارے محترم اساتذ ہ اکرام کو ہمیشہ کامیاب اور خوش و خرم رکھے۔
میں خصوصی طور پر تہہ دل سے شکرگزار ہوں اپنے مقالے کی نگران ڈاکٹر یاسمین کوثر کی...
Background of the Study: Multiple Physical Therapy approaches have recently been developed and reported in the literature for providing better results in the treatment regimens of tension-type headaches. The advancement in the field of Physical therapy towards the treatment approaches of tension-type headaches has become the driving force for writing this article.
Methodology: Studies comparing the effects of physical therapy management with conventional treatment approaches are included in the meta-analysis. PRISMA guidelines were used for performing the qualitative analysis and assessment of risk of biases.
Results: According to the findings of nine randomized controlled trials, the analysis of the results had revealed that physical therapy intervention demonstrated a significant improvement in reducing headache severity. In a random effect model, the pool effects of physical therapy strategies in terms of Standardized Mean Difference had an impact of 1.41, which according to a Cohen rule of thumb displays a larger effect of physical therapy management in significant decrease in pain intensity among tension-type headache patients
Conclusion: The study has concluded that physical therapy-based management strategies as provided in several RCTs analyzed in this review article revealed a pool effect of moderate size in managing the frequency of pain and a larger effect size in managing pain intensity and duration. Further, it was concluded that tension-type headaches can be effectively managed through physical therapy-based approaches.
Water-limited conditions in early growth stages negatively affect germination and seedling growth, often leading to suboptimal plant population and poor stand establishment. Germination and seedling growth of ten local wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes in response to induced water stress conditions and supplemental foliar fertilisation with macronutrients (NPK) were investigated. In two laboratory experiments, the observed germination parameters and calculated stress indices were used as screening criteria for drought tolerance. In one glasshouse experiment, the dose and combinations of N, P, and K for foliar spray were optimised. Germination parameters viz. germination percentage, germination index, promptness index, and germination stress tolerance index declined in response to the increasing polyethylene glycol induced stress levels. Water stress conditions imposed by withholding irrigation at seedling stage reduced plant height stress tolerance index and dry matter stress tolerance index but increased root length stress tolerance index and root to shoot ratio. Based on the results of germination attributes and stress indices, Bhakkar-02 was the most drought tolerant genotype and Shafaq-06 was the most drought sensitive genotype among all tested genotypes. Supplemental foliar fertilisation of macronutrients (N, P, and K), alone or in different combinations improved the water relations, gas exchange characteristics and nutrient contents in both contrasting genotypes, Bhakkar-02 and Shafaq-06. Foliar spray NPK in combination was the most effective treatment in improving plant growth under both well- watered and water-deficit conditions. Subsequently, the best combination of foliar NPK was tested in wire house and field conditions to evaluate the most appropriate growth stage for supplemental fertilisation. In wire house experiment foliar application of NPK spray improved the water relations, gas exchange characteristics (i.e. through accumulation of soluble sugars), total free amino acid, and proline. The antioxidant activity was also improved with foliar NPK spray at anthesis stage. In field experiments foliar application of NPK in combination improved the number of grains per spikelet and 1000-grain weight, which ultimately increased the grain yield at anthesis stage in normally irrigated plants as well as under water stress conditions at anthesis stage in both wheat genotypes. The water shortage at anthesis stage decreased the yield and its components more severely as compared to tillering stage. The drought tolerant Bhakkar- 02 performed well under water stress. So, foliar application of NPK at anthesis stage under water stress conditions gave better results as compared to tillering stage