Present study is about Skimmia laureola and Zanthoxylum armatum belonging to Family Rutaceae, comprises phytosociology, ethnobotany, pharmacognostic study, physicochemical and pharmacological activities of these plants. Phytosociological attributes of S. laureola were studied in six different localities of khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan showing that this plant grows gregariously in laomy and clay loamy soil at high altitude ranging from 2400- 3400 meters toward North facing slopes. S. laureola was found dominent in five out of six localities in association with a total of 44 plants with a density of 312 to 4437.5 hectare-1. Various other ecological, ethnobotanical and commercial aspects of the plants are also worked out. Similar studies of Z. armatum showed that the plants grows in association with 51 species on the North and North West slopes in the foothills of khyber Pukhtunkhwa at an elevation of 850- 1600 meters with a density ranging from 560 to 1020 hectare-1. Pharmacognostic study included leaf and bark of S. laureola and leaf, bark and fruit of Z. armatum. Leaf of S. laureola is punctate with glabrous surfaces. Transverse section of the leaf through the midrib region showed usual bifacial structure with prominent oil cavities in the midrib regions. Other leaf features such as palisade ratio (7.8±0.21), vein islets number (15.4±0.63 per mm2), vein termination number (19.1±0.43 per mm2), stomatal number (196.1±3.07 per mm2) and stomatal index (12.96±0.14) were worked out. Eight different stomatal types were detected, in which actinostephanocytic was the most frequently occurring one . Stomatal cluster was also observed. Morphology and anatomy of Z. armatum was also carried out. Leaf of this plant lacks any type of trichome, where as in the midrib region, prominent oil cavities were observed. Palisade ratio (8.2±0.32), vein islets number (16.8±0.64 per mm2), vein termination number (11.3±0.47 per mm2), stomatal number (122.1±4.32 per mm2) and stomatal index (12.32± 0.26) were cworked out. Anatomy of Z. armatum fruit showed two portion i.e. fruit wall and seed, the later being non endospermic and contained small elongated embryo. Powder drug microscopy of the parts was carried out. Ash analysis for both plants were carried out. Results of qualitative and quantitative preliminary phytochemical screenings of selected parts of S. laureola and Z. armatum are given, showing the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, phytosterols, triterpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins, saponins, glycosides, fixed and volatile oils. Similarly results of extractive values and fluorescence analysis are also given. Elemental analysis showed presence of Zn, Mn and Cr in fairly good amounts and may contribute to hypoglycemic effect of these plants. Correlations among various elements were also determined. Proximate analysis of both plants showed carbohydrate, proteins, fibers, fats and moisture contents in fairly large amounts. Results of essential oils obtained from the leaves of S. laureola (SVO) and Z. armatum (ZVO) and fixed oils (ZHO and ZEO) from the fruit of Z. armatum, extracted with different solvents were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics including color, odor, % yield, density, optical activity, refractive index, specific gravity, carbon residue, absolute viscosity, kinematic viscosity, total acid number, iodine number and saponification value are presented. A total 31 different components in SVO and 34 in ZVO, 14 in ZHO and 14 in ZEO were identified through GC-MC analysis and their percent concentration is given. Toxicological studies showed that both plants are safe for human use. Antipyretic effect was found dose dependant. SLE showed maximum antipyretic action of 72.31%, ZLE showed 85.42 percent pyrexia inhibition of whereas ZFE showed a maximum antipyretic action of 83.84%. Hypoglycemic effect of SLE was found to be dose dependent and like the standard allopathic drug and it induced reduction of blood glucose level after 2 hour of dose administration. All the doses showed significant reduction (p < 0.05) in glucose level at 6th hour post administration, but 300 mg/Kg body weight dose showed maximum reduction of blood glucose level at 6 hour (80.54±0.04). Antispasmodic effects of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of leaf (SLE, SLH), bark (SBE, SBH) and leaf essential oil (SVO) of S. laureola and ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of leaf (ZLE, ZLH), bark (ZBE, ZBH), fruit (ZBE, ZBH) and leaf essential oil of Z. armatum on the isolated rabbit jejunum for both spontaneous and KCl induced contractions showed that SVO and ZVO were the most efficient one, causing 100 % relaxation of the smooth muscles at very low concentrations, thus providing a scientific proof for its ethnopharmacological use as an antispasmodic drug. The two plants were also evaluated for cytotoxic, phytotoxic, antibacterial and anti fungal activities. SLE, SLH and SVO of S. laurola and ZBE, ZBH and ZVO of Z. armatum showed outstanding cytotoxic results with LD50 values of 5.34, 7.44, 11.01, 16.79 17.06 and 15.90 μg/ml. respectively. Lemna minor phytotoxicity asssay of SBE showed 100% inhibition at 1000 μg/ml followed by SBH, SLE and SLH with FI50 of 25, 1.38, 4.54 and 8.67 μg/ml respectively. ZBE, ZFE and ZLH also showed excellent inhibitions with FI50 values of 7.98, 9.24 and 19.13 μg/ml respectively. Antibacterial bioassays showed that all the samples were effective against various bacterial strains (Micrococcus leutus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus viridanes). SVO and ZVO being the highly effective against all the test strains. Results of various extracts of both plants against various bacterial strains are presented in this dissertation. Dose dependent antifungal activities against test species (Trichophyton longifusis, Candida albicans, Fusarium solani, Microsporum canis, Aspergillus flavus and Candida glabrata) were found for all the samples but SVO and ZVO inhabited all the test strains and C. albicans, A. flauus, T. longifusis and F. solani being the most susceptible species. The present study has revealed the immense and diverse medicinal properties of S. laureola and Z. armatum, both can be exploited for therapeutic preparations on commercial scale.
الحاج مولوی عین الحق اعظمیؒ افسوس ہے کہ ۹؍ اگست کو الحاج مولوی عین الحق اعظمی کانپور میں رحلت فرماگئے، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ وہ ۱۵؍ فروری ۱۹۱۳ء کو اعظم گڑھ کے ایک گاؤں میں جواب ضلع مؤ میں ہے پیدا ہوئے ابتدائی تعلیم گھر پر ہوئی مولوی کرنے کے بعد انٹرنس پاس کیا اور ۱۹۳۴ء سے اعظم گڑھ میں چمڑے کی تجارت شروع کی جس میں اﷲ نے برکت دی مگر ان کی حوصلہ مند طبیعت اس پر قانع نہیں ہوئی اور ۱۹۵۹ء سے کانپور بھی ان کی جولانیوں کا مرکز ہوگیا، یہاں جاجمؤ میں انھوں نے نیولائٹ ٹینری کی داغ بیل ڈالی اور جب کاروبار میں زیادہ وسعت و ترقی ہوئی تو ۱۹۶۷ء میں یہیں توطن اختیار کرلیا، اب یہ کاروبار اتنا بڑھ گیا ہے کہ ان کے پانچ بیٹے شب و روز اسی میں لگے رہتے ہیں۔ علم و تعلیم سے ان کو بڑا شغف تھا، اکثر دینی مدارس کی مالی امداد کرتے تھے خود مدرستہ الاسلام کے نام سے اپنے گاؤں میں ایک مدرسہ قایم کیا، جس کے سالانہ جلسوں میں مولانا امین احسن اصلاحی اور دوسرے مشاہیر شریک ہوتے تھے، جاجمؤ میں انھوں نے لڑکیوں کی تعلیم کے لیے جامعۃ الزہرا قائم کیا۔ دارالمصنفین کے علاوہ اعظم گڑھ میں علامہ شبلیؒ کی یاد گاریں مدرستہ الاصلاح سرائمیراور شبلی کالج بھی ہیں،تینوں اداروں اور ان کے ذمہ داروں سے حاجی صاحب مرحوم کے روابط تھے، دارالمصنفین میں ان کی آمد و رفت ۱۹۳۵ء سے شروع ہوگئی تھی انھوں نے اس کی فصل بہار دیکھی تھی، علامہ سلیمان ندویؒ اور مولانا عبدالسلام ندویؒ کی مجلس علم و ادب میں بھی وہ باریاب رہ چکے ہیں، کانپور میں مستقل سکونت اختیار کرنے کے بعد بھی جب وہ اعظم گڑھ آتے تو یہیں قیام کرتے مجھ پر ان کا خاص لطف و کرم رہتا، جب...
تواریخ ادبیات اُردو کا فروغِ ادب میں کردار History is political, cultural or literary, is a social and social study. History writers have a great significance. If they are not unbelievable or not aware, then there are many misconceptions in the future. Therefore, history writers should always be obscurely, self-confident and powerful. The history and research capabilities of the writer in history are estimated. If a historian is not a researcher, then he is unable to present the truth. Similarly, a history trader does not have critical ability, he can try to review the facts. The historian not only parses events, but also offers a unique map of culture and culture. History of literature is especially described by culture and culture. History of the History of Urdu, it is known that historian literature is an important role in the promotion of Urdu. If the dates are removed, the understanding of literary literature will be impossible, that is why historians also play an important role promoting literature.
Agriculture is the single largest sector and dominating driving force for growth and development of Pakistan‟s economy. Its share in GDP is 24% and employs 48.4% of the total work force of the country. It also provides raw materials for the agro-based industries and adds sustainability to Pakistan‟s export earnings. At present the average yields of various crops are low as compared to their potential yields and also to those of the advanced countries. The research advancements made in the field of agriculture indicate that the available technologies have much potential, which is not being properly exploited by the farmers. The research studies indicate that lack of proper dissemination of agricultural technologies among the farmers is still of one of the major causes for their non-adoption by the farmers. For the effective dissemination of agricultural technologies among the farmers, many extension approaches have been implemented from time to time. At present three main approaches are working in the country: public sector extension approach (PSEA), participatory extension approach (PEA) and commodity specialized extension approach (CSEA) for the guidance and education of the farmers, but still the extension‟s role does not appear to be much effective. However, each approach has some strengths, which may be used by other approaches for the improvement of extension work. Keeping in view this situation, the present study was planned to analyze these three approaches in the context of technology dissemination and its utilization by the farmers. For this purpose the data were collected from 360 respondents taken from the farmers of the three selected approaches by selecting an equal sample of 120 respondents each, from 10 randomly selected villages of tehsil Chak Jhumra of Faisalabad district in which the three approaches are simultaneously in operation. A comparison of the three selected approaches was made against the selected parameters like sustainability, farmers‟ participation, women participation, linkages development, knowledge gain, technology utilization, diversification, competence of extension field staff (EFS), effectiveness of extension messages, effective use of extension methods, responsiveness to various categories of rural people, organization of target groups, responsiveness to national policies and goals and overall perception of the farmers regarding these approaches. The collected data were analysed by using frequency distributions, weighted scores, analysis of variance, standard variation and LSD values. The Chi-square was also used for computing relationship between the socio-economic characteristics of therespondents and some dependent variables like farmers‟ participation, knowledge gain and technology utilization. The results indicated that PSEA was a better approach than PEA and CSEA with regard to the introduction of sustainable agricultural practices among the farmers. PEA had provided more opportunities to the farmers for their participation in extension programme development than the PSEA and CSEA. PSEA and CSEA had absolutely provided no opportunity for women participation at any stage of extension programme development whereas the women were given opportunities for their participation in PEA. PSEA had developed more linkages with various categories of farmers and agricultural allied agencies than those of PEA and CSEA. PEA was the approach that had covered all the diversified areas whereas rest of the two approaches were not putting sufficient efforts in providing coverage. PEA was a better approach than the other two approaches (PSEA and CSEA). PSEA was ranked at the top with regard to the knowledge gain regarding crop production and protection practices by the farmers, whereas PEA and CSEA were rated as 2 nd and 3 rd respectively. As regards the technology utilization by the farmers PSEA, PEA and CSEA were rated 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd respectively. PSEA got the highest score among the selected approaches with regard to competence of extension field staff. The extension messages were well prepared in PSEA than those of PEA and CSEA. PEA was responsive to more categories of rural people as compared to the other two approaches (PSEA and CSEA). The EFS of PSEA used the extension methods more effectively than those of PEA and CSEA. The EFS of PEA was more serious in organizing the target groups among the rural communities than the other two approaches (PSEA and CSEA). According to the overall perceptions of the farmers, the PEA was a better approach followed by the PSEA and CSEA.