Present study is about Skimmia laureola and Zanthoxylum armatum belonging to Family Rutaceae, comprises phytosociology, ethnobotany, pharmacognostic study, physicochemical and pharmacological activities of these plants. Phytosociological attributes of S. laureola were studied in six different localities of khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan showing that this plant grows gregariously in laomy and clay loamy soil at high altitude ranging from 2400- 3400 meters toward North facing slopes. S. laureola was found dominent in five out of six localities in association with a total of 44 plants with a density of 312 to 4437.5 hectare-1. Various other ecological, ethnobotanical and commercial aspects of the plants are also worked out. Similar studies of Z. armatum showed that the plants grows in association with 51 species on the North and North West slopes in the foothills of khyber Pukhtunkhwa at an elevation of 850- 1600 meters with a density ranging from 560 to 1020 hectare-1. Pharmacognostic study included leaf and bark of S. laureola and leaf, bark and fruit of Z. armatum. Leaf of S. laureola is punctate with glabrous surfaces. Transverse section of the leaf through the midrib region showed usual bifacial structure with prominent oil cavities in the midrib regions. Other leaf features such as palisade ratio (7.8±0.21), vein islets number (15.4±0.63 per mm2), vein termination number (19.1±0.43 per mm2), stomatal number (196.1±3.07 per mm2) and stomatal index (12.96±0.14) were worked out. Eight different stomatal types were detected, in which actinostephanocytic was the most frequently occurring one . Stomatal cluster was also observed. Morphology and anatomy of Z. armatum was also carried out. Leaf of this plant lacks any type of trichome, where as in the midrib region, prominent oil cavities were observed. Palisade ratio (8.2±0.32), vein islets number (16.8±0.64 per mm2), vein termination number (11.3±0.47 per mm2), stomatal number (122.1±4.32 per mm2) and stomatal index (12.32± 0.26) were cworked out. Anatomy of Z. armatum fruit showed two portion i.e. fruit wall and seed, the later being non endospermic and contained small elongated embryo. Powder drug microscopy of the parts was carried out. Ash analysis for both plants were carried out. Results of qualitative and quantitative preliminary phytochemical screenings of selected parts of S. laureola and Z. armatum are given, showing the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, phytosterols, triterpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins, saponins, glycosides, fixed and volatile oils. Similarly results of extractive values and fluorescence analysis are also given. Elemental analysis showed presence of Zn, Mn and Cr in fairly good amounts and may contribute to hypoglycemic effect of these plants. Correlations among various elements were also determined. Proximate analysis of both plants showed carbohydrate, proteins, fibers, fats and moisture contents in fairly large amounts. Results of essential oils obtained from the leaves of S. laureola (SVO) and Z. armatum (ZVO) and fixed oils (ZHO and ZEO) from the fruit of Z. armatum, extracted with different solvents were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics including color, odor, % yield, density, optical activity, refractive index, specific gravity, carbon residue, absolute viscosity, kinematic viscosity, total acid number, iodine number and saponification value are presented. A total 31 different components in SVO and 34 in ZVO, 14 in ZHO and 14 in ZEO were identified through GC-MC analysis and their percent concentration is given. Toxicological studies showed that both plants are safe for human use. Antipyretic effect was found dose dependant. SLE showed maximum antipyretic action of 72.31%, ZLE showed 85.42 percent pyrexia inhibition of whereas ZFE showed a maximum antipyretic action of 83.84%. Hypoglycemic effect of SLE was found to be dose dependent and like the standard allopathic drug and it induced reduction of blood glucose level after 2 hour of dose administration. All the doses showed significant reduction (p < 0.05) in glucose level at 6th hour post administration, but 300 mg/Kg body weight dose showed maximum reduction of blood glucose level at 6 hour (80.54±0.04). Antispasmodic effects of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of leaf (SLE, SLH), bark (SBE, SBH) and leaf essential oil (SVO) of S. laureola and ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of leaf (ZLE, ZLH), bark (ZBE, ZBH), fruit (ZBE, ZBH) and leaf essential oil of Z. armatum on the isolated rabbit jejunum for both spontaneous and KCl induced contractions showed that SVO and ZVO were the most efficient one, causing 100 % relaxation of the smooth muscles at very low concentrations, thus providing a scientific proof for its ethnopharmacological use as an antispasmodic drug. The two plants were also evaluated for cytotoxic, phytotoxic, antibacterial and anti fungal activities. SLE, SLH and SVO of S. laurola and ZBE, ZBH and ZVO of Z. armatum showed outstanding cytotoxic results with LD50 values of 5.34, 7.44, 11.01, 16.79 17.06 and 15.90 μg/ml. respectively. Lemna minor phytotoxicity asssay of SBE showed 100% inhibition at 1000 μg/ml followed by SBH, SLE and SLH with FI50 of 25, 1.38, 4.54 and 8.67 μg/ml respectively. ZBE, ZFE and ZLH also showed excellent inhibitions with FI50 values of 7.98, 9.24 and 19.13 μg/ml respectively. Antibacterial bioassays showed that all the samples were effective against various bacterial strains (Micrococcus leutus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus viridanes). SVO and ZVO being the highly effective against all the test strains. Results of various extracts of both plants against various bacterial strains are presented in this dissertation. Dose dependent antifungal activities against test species (Trichophyton longifusis, Candida albicans, Fusarium solani, Microsporum canis, Aspergillus flavus and Candida glabrata) were found for all the samples but SVO and ZVO inhabited all the test strains and C. albicans, A. flauus, T. longifusis and F. solani being the most susceptible species. The present study has revealed the immense and diverse medicinal properties of S. laureola and Z. armatum, both can be exploited for therapeutic preparations on commercial scale.
سی حرفی۔۹ (ہک بیت وچ اٹھ حرف) الف الٰہی، میل ماہی نوں، ’ب‘ برے دن آئے نیں ت تلوار برہوں دی لٹکے، ’ث‘ ثواب کمائے نیں ج جوانی آخر فانی، ’ح‘حائل غم آئے نیں خ خوف حنیف وچھوڑے اندر، ’د‘ دکھاں دے سائے نیں
ذ ذکر تیرے وچ رہندی، ’ر‘ رخ ویکھاں ماہی دا ز زیارت لکھ ثواباں، ’س‘ سوہنا چن چاہی دا ش شوخاں دے ناز نہورے، ’ص‘ صفا دل چاہی دا ض ضدی سنگ دل حنیف اے، مان حسن دی شاہی دا
ط طواف کریں دن راتیں، ’ظ‘ ظالم کوئی خبر نہیوں ع عشق دے کٹھے عاشق، ’غ‘ غصہ تے جبر نہیوں ف فائدہ کی شکویاں سندا، ’ق‘ قسمت وچ اجر نہیوں ک کتھے چھڈ گیوں ماہی، کجھ حنیف نوں صبر نہیوں
ل لیکھاں وچ درد وچھوڑا، ’م‘ ماڑے دا زور نہیوں ن نوازش وصل دی ہووے، ’و‘ وسیلہ ہور نہیوں ہ ہڈاں وچ درد وچھوڑا، ’لا‘ لہو دا زور نہیوں ء آخر حنیف ملے گا، ’ی‘ یاداں وچہ ہور نہیوں سی حرفی ۔۱۰ (ہک مصرعہ وچ دو حرف) الف اللہ نوں سور پیارے، ’ب‘ بس کر کوئی ہور نہیوں ت توبہ کر آخر مرنا، ’ث‘ ثابت وچ گور نہیوں ج جمع کر عمل دی پونجی، ’ح‘ حاصل کجھ ہور نہیوں خ خوف حنیف خدا دا کریے، ’ر‘ رحمت باہجھوں ٹھور نہیوں د دوا گناہاں والی، ’ذ‘ ذکر وچ ڈھیندی اے ر رحمت وی لا متناہی، ’ز‘ زوراور تھیندی اے س سوہنا رب کرم کماسی، ’ش‘ شاہی نت جیندی اے ص صدیق حنیف نہ جھورے، آخر سچ منیندی اے
ض ضعیف ایمانوں ہوئے، ’ط‘ طریقے بھلے نی ظ ظرافت رہی نہ مولے، ’ع‘ عمل نال تلے نی غ غازی تے ہین مجاہد، ’ف‘ فکراں وچ رُلّے نی ق قولاں دے سچے جیہڑے، پاون...
Women play a role of paramount importance in the establishment of a distinctive nature of society. Women in Pakhtūn society are regarded with respect and piety. Pakistanis in general and Pakhtūn nation in particular can tolerate monetary losses, owing to their women but they cannot tolerate immoral and disgraceful events attached with their women (mothers, sisters, wives, and daughters) which most often become a reason for the domestic enmities and hostilities. In this article, efforts were made to answer the questions; that whether the different aspects of female lives have been treated according to the teachings of Sīrah or religion is used only as a weapon to suppress them and snatch their rights. The purpose of the study was to investigate the social issues of women from birth related ceremonies, assigning names, training and education, marriage, life after marriage and heredity related issues to their domestic routine issues and how to solve these issues in the light of teachings of the Prophet (P.B.U.H)? Furthermore, suggestions were given to make these solutions more effective and easy to be implemented in our society.
This PhD dissertation focusses on antibiotics coated silver and gold nanoparticles (NPs), analysis of their photo-physical and enhanced antibacterial properties. The drug resistant bacteria are increasing day by day due to irrational use of antibiotics. Bacterial resistance towards the existing antibiotics is a global health issue and these drugs are at high risks in this regard. To overcome this problem new methodologies and measurements are dreadfully needed. In this context, the present study was designed to modify some selected antibacterial drugs through nanochemical approach to enhance their antibacterial potential. The beta-lactam antibiotics are most commonly used for the treatment of bacterial infections. Silver and gold NPs stabilized with these antibiotics were successfully synthesized though chemical reduction method. The NPs were characterized with Ultra-Violet visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The analysis confirmed the formation of poly-dispersed NPs of size less than 100 nm. The NPs were found stable at high temperature (up to 100oC), at various pH range and in different salt concentrations. The antibacterial potential of conjugated antibiotics were compared with pure antibiotics and unconjugated gold and silver NPs using AFM and conventional techniques such as the agar well diffusion method. Analysis of bacterial cells surface topography was recorded under AFM before and after treating with the antibiotics conjugated with Ag and Au NPs, free antibiotics and bare Ag and Au NPs. Conjugation to AgNPs enhanced the antibacterial activity of Ceftriaxone by 2 times, and conjugation to AuNPs by 6 times. The antibacterial potential of Cefadroxil was enhanced up to 2 and 3 times on conjugation with AgNPs and AuNPs, respectively. Similarly, the antibacterial potential of Cephradine was enhanced up to about 2 times on conjugation with AgNPs and conjugation to AuNPs by about 6 times. It was found that Ampicillin conjugated to Ag and Au NPs are about 5 and 10 times more active than pure Abstract xi Ampicillin, respectively. Similarly, Cefixime conjugated to Ag and Au NPs are about 3 and 8 times more active than pure Cefixime, respectively. The study also explored the improved kinetics of the antibiotics as the drugs coated with the NPs destroyed bacteria more timely than the free drugs. The antibiotics were also encapsulated with polymers to create nanoscale materials. Ceftriaxone and Cefixime were successfully encapsulated with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The polymeric nanosized Ceftriaxone and Cefixime were found more active than their respective free drugs.