آخرکیا ہے زندگی؟
زندگی پر یہ بے لاگ تبصرے
وقت کے ضیاع کے سوا کچھ نہیں
زندگی کا سراغ کسے ملا ہے
ہر کسی کو زندگی سے گلہ ہے
یہ کیوں اور کس لیے ملی؟
مورِ ناتواں کے سکڑتے پیٹ کی صدا ہے زندگی؟
بیلوں کی بھوک سے نکلی پسلیوں کی نوا ہے زندگی؟
سنگ و خشت اٹھائے مزدوروں کی ندا ہے زندگی؟
تخت پہ بیٹھے شیروں کی عیش کا نام ہے زندگی؟
Before the advent of Islam, women were living in worst conditions during the Era of Ignorance. Daughters were buried alive. Women were openly sold in the market. A woman was just a source of enjoyment for males and nothing else. She had no basic rights. Even she had no share in inheritance. In human history, it is Islam that for the first time gave due respect to woman by providing her basic rights and proper status. Islam believes in equality of men and women – ‘Equality’ does not mean ‘to become identical’. Women’s rights in Islam pertain to Spiritual, Economic, Educational and Legal Rights. A woman can adopt any profession, she wants. Thus, she has got full freedom to live a happy and peaceful life. Unfortunately, there are many people who believe that because Islam gives men the right of having authority over their wives, therefore, men are superior to women and that men have priority over women in all matters. The fact is that according to Islamic teachings, men are not superior to women; and so women are not superior to men. There is no gender discrimination in Islam. Allah Almighty states very clearly in the Holy Quran that superior in His eyes are only those who have more taqwa (fear of Almighty Allah).
Research is a vital part of university. Personal and institutional factors are the main components which enhance the research productivity of teachers. The aim of this study was to explore relationship of personal and institutional factors with research productivity among public and private universities teachers. The main objectives of this study were; explore the relationship of personal factors with research productivity of teachers, explore the relationship of institutional factors with research productivity of teachers, find out the difference between public and private universities regarding relationship of personal attributes with research productivity, and find out the difference between public and private universities regarding relationship of institutional attributes with research productivity. A mixed methods research designs was used for this study. Sample of the study was six hundred and twenty five teachers of public and private universities. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select universities. Census sampling technique was used to select teachers from selected five departments of universities. To conduct interviews, forty teachers were selected randomly from sample of the study. Two instruments were used for data collection: Questionnaire and semi-structured interview for teachers. These instruments were self-developed by the researcher, and piloted on a small sample of 70 university teachers in order to ensure the reliability of the instrument. Validity of the instruments was checked by expert opinions, and reliability of the instrument was also ensured by Cronbach Alpha. The value of Cronbach Alpha of quantitative questionnaire “Relationship of personal and institutional factors with research productivity” was 0.925. Data were analyzed in two phases. In phase one quantitative data were analyzed. For the quantitative part of the study, descriptive statistics Frequencies, Means, and Standard deviations were calculated. While in inferential statistics, Pearson-r for correlation, regression analysis, independent sample t-test, and One-way ANOVA tests were applied to get the required results. In the second phase qualitative data were analyzed. The researcher took the main themes from interviews and then evaluated and incorporated those themes in the report manually. The findings of the study indicated that there was a considerable correlation between teachers personal and institutional factors with their research productivity. There was a positive correlation between designations of teachers and research productivity. It is also concluded that there was a moderate, positive correlation between teachers’ teaching experience and qualification with their research productivity. The findings of the qualitative part in the study indicated that majority of the teachers agreed that their family responsibilities were a hurdle in conducting research. It is concluded that poor research environment is a factor which influences research publication of university teachers. It is also concluded from the study that majority of the teachers suggested that institutions should provide proper funds, appropriate resources and material supports, appreciation letter and acknowledgement of the work from the Head of department,and adequate chances for promotion.