Matricaria recutita L. (chamomile tea) is widely used as tea all over the world for variety of ailments. It is renowned medicinal herb in Southern and Eastern Europe. In the present study chamomile tea was evaluated for CNS activities. Different behavioral activities for anxiety and depression were tested. The administration of chamomile produced a significant reduction of the cage crossing, head dips and the time spent in light compartment on day 7th indicating its anxiolytic effect. Chamomile tea produced significantly increased struggling time and the time spent in central compartment after 30 and 60 days representing its antidepressant role after prolonged use. Chamomile tea also improved learning ability in both rats and mice after 60 days administration. In the present study we have assessed the antioxidant effects of chamomile tea in chlorpromazine induced cataleptic oxidative stress in rats. The chamomile tea extract has protected rats from catalepsy as compared to the negative control group and the results were almost like standard drug, Levodopa. In present study we have evaluated the antidiabetic activity of chamomile tea. There was a decrease in the fasting, post parandial blood glucose and HbA1C levels and the results were comparably similar to that of glibenclamide treated rats, used as standard. We studied the anti-inflammatory of chamomile tea extract. Our results indicate that use of chamomile tea was able to attenuate paw inflammation, as compared to control and showed almost similar effects as ibuprofen used as standard. We also analyzed the analgesic effects of chamomile tea extract in mice and showed significant increase in the latency time at 30 min and 60 min only on chronic dosing. The study was conducted in rats to investigate the effects of chamomile tea on coagulation, hematological parameters and biochemical parameters such as lipid, hepatic, electrolytes and renal profile. There was decrease in the level of fibrinogen in rats after 30 and 60 days of administration of chamomile tea. The levels of aPTT were maintained indicating that chamomile tea can be used safely without any risk of bleeding. The administration of chamomile tea highly significantly increased the number of RBCs, Hb and platelets on day 30th and 60th, indicating positive effects on hematological parameters. There was increase in the levels of total bilirubin on day 30th and 60th however the values are within normal range. Levels of SGPT were slightly raised on day 60th, but within normal limits. The levels of ALP were increased but were not in hepatotoxic range. The slight increase in the levels of GGT also requires further investigation to ensure that chamomile tea is completely safe and has no adverse effects on liver. The chamomile tea administration initially increased the levels of sodium and chloride while the levels of potassium were reduced as compared to control animals. The levels of potassium are particularly increased on day 60th and hence result in compensatory decrease in the level of sodium and chloride but are still greater than control animals. In our present study chamomile tea has significantly reduced the levels of urea. The levels of creatinine were initially increased on day 30th but were normalized on prolonged use, indicating that chamomile tea is not renally toxic and can be safely used. The data from current study indicates that the widely used chamomile tea has antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential. It can play a beneficial role in anxiety and other psychiatric diseases such as depression. Overall results did not reveal any significant toxicity. Further studies are required to confirm the mechanism of its observed pharmacological, biochemical and hematological effects.
1۔تحفظ دین اللہ تعالیٰ نے انسان کو اشرف المخلوق تخلیق کیا ، عقل وشعور اور فہم کی صلاحیت عطا فرمائی ، اس کی ہدایت کےلیے انبیاء وحی کا سلسلہ شروع فرمایا ۔ اس کے ساتھ انسان کی تخلیق کا مقصد بھی بتایا، جیسا کہ قرآن مجید میں ارشاد ہو ا ہے ﴿وَمَا خَلَقْتُ الْجِنَّ وَالْإِنْسَ إِلَّا لِيَعْبُدُونِ﴾217 "میں نے جنوں اور انسانوں کو اپنی عبادت کے لیے تخلیق کیا۔ " انسان کو زندگی گزارنے کے لیےاسلامی دستور دیا اور حکم دیا کہ اسلام (دین)کواختیار کرو، جیسے فرمایا ﴿ يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آَمَنُوا ادْخُلُوا فِي السِّلْمِ كَافَّةً ﴾218 "اسلام میں مکمل طور پر داخل ہو جاؤ۔ " اللہ تعالیٰ نے قرآن میں یہ اعلان فرما دیا کہ اسلام پر کوئی عمل نہ کرے تو اس کا کوئی عمل قبول نہیں ہوگا ﴿ وَمَنْ يَبْتَغِ غَيْرَ الْإِسْلَامِ دِينًا فَلَنْ يُقْبَلَ مِنْهُ وَهُوَ فِي الْآَخِرَةِ مِنَ الْخَاسِرِينَ ﴾219 "جو شخص اسلام کے کے سوا اور دین تلاش کرے ، اس کا دین قبول نہیں کیا جائے گااور وہ آخرت میں نقصان پانے والوں میں ہو گا۔ " انسان کی کامیابی کا دارومدار اسلام پر عمل کرنے سے ہے چنانچہ غیر مسلموں کو اللہ تعالیٰ نے تبلیغ دین، وعظ ونصیحت اور جدال بالاحسن سے کام لینے کا حکم دیا ہے تاکہ زیادہ سے زیادہ انسان اخروی فلاح کےمستحق قرار پائیں۔ لہذا جہاں اسلام غیروں کو اپنے دامن رحمت میں پناہ دینے کے لیے نہ صرف تیار ہے بلکہ ان کے لیے راستے بھی ہموار کرتاہے اور ہر ممکن طریقہ اختیار کرتا ہے تاکہ وہ مسلمان ہو کر فلاح کے مستحق قرار پائیں اور اپنے ماننے والوں کو تو اسلام بہانے سے نوازتا ہے۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ اسلام نے مرتد کی سزا قتل رکھی ہے تاکہ کوئی اسلام کے دامن سے نکلنے کی نہ سوچے ، جیسا کہ ارشاد...
Aims Of Study: In Pakistan, the level of physical inactivity among adults is 26%. This survey aims to determine the participation in structured physical activity among young females and their perception and barriers towards SPA.
Methodology: Purposive sampling was used to gather data from young females aged 16-30 in Karachi. Demographics, perception, and barriers were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Pearson chi-square was used to draw associations between qualitative variables.
Results: According to a study of 319 participants, more than half did not participate in structured physical activity. Those who did found it beneficial for their health and happiness. Barriers to participation included transportation and gender-specific facilities, but these were not significantly associated with participation.
Limitations & Future Implications: The study did not explore variations in physical activity participation among different ethnic, educational, socioeconomic, or occupational groups. Future studies should investigate these factors among both genders to understand perceptions and barriers to structured physical activity across diverse populations.
Originality: To promote physical activity among young females and prevent health issues, it's crucial to recognize their understanding of SPA barriers and perceptions and develop appropriate strategies to overcome them.
Conclusion: The barriers to structured physical activity had no significant effect on participation among young females. Also, participation in structured physical activity was not affected by marital status, age, and education level.
In the first chapter we give some basic definitions from commutative algebra. We give some results obtained in recent years for the Stanley depth of multigraded S-modules, where S = K[x1 , . . . , xn ] is a polynomial ring in n indeteminantes with coefficients in a field K. We also give some results regarding the progress towards the Stanley’s conjecture. In the second chapter, we show that if I ⊂ J be monomial ideals of a polynomial algebra S over a field. Then the Stanley depth of J/I is smaller or equal to the √ √ Stanley depth of J/ I. We give also an upper bound for the Stanley depth of the intersection of two primary monomial ideals Q, Q , which is reached if Q, Q √ √ are irreducible, ht(Q + Q ) is odd and Q, Q have no common variables. These results are proved in my paper [23]. In the third chapter, we give different bounds for the Stanley depth of a monomial ideal I of a polynomial algebra S over a field K. For example we show that the Stanley depth of I is less than or equal to the Stanley depth of any prime ideal associated to S/I. Also we show that the Stanley’s conjecture holds for I and S/I when the associated prime ideals of S/I are generated by disjoint sets of variables. These results are proved in my paper [24]. In the forth chapter, we give an upper bound for the Stanley depth of the edge ideal I of a k-partite complete graph and show that Stanley’s conjecture holds for I. Also we give an upper bound for the Stanley depth of the edge ideal of an s-uniform complete bipartite hypergraph. In this chapter we also give an upper bound for the Stanley depth of the edge ideal of a complete k-partite hypergraph and as an application we give an upper bound for the Stanley depth of a monomial ideal in a polynomial ring S. We give a lower and an upper bound for the cyclic module S/I associated to the complete k-partite hypergraph. These results are proved in our papers [26] and [27]. In the fifth chapter, the associated primes of an arbitrary lexsegment ideal I ⊂ S are determined. As application it is shown that S/I is a pretty clean module, therefore, S/I is sequentially Cohen-Macaulay and satisfies the Stanley’s conjecture. These results are proved in my paper [25].