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Pharmacological & Toxicological Evaluation of Nelumbo Nucifera Fruit

Thesis Info

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Author

Muhammad Ali

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Karachi

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Pharmacology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11479/1/Dr.%20Muhammad%20Ali%20thesis%202017%20%28Pharmacology%29.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726874993

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Recently use of herbal therapies and diet rich in flavonoids and vitamins has augmented significantly to manage minor to modest illnesses. But further studies are necessary to assess the pharmacological and toxicological effects of plants. Hence current study was intended to assess the pharmacologic and toxic effects of Nelumbo nucifera fruit ethanol extract. The qualitative phytochemical screening of the seed pods of the N. nucifera fruit extract exposed the existence of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids in it. The acute toxicity study of the N. nucifera fruit extract revealed its LD50value to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. N. nucifera fruit have exhibited strong anxiolytic, antidepressant and antiepileptic activities and that is perhaps both segments of the N. nucifera fruit (seed and seed pod) are rich in significant phytochemical constituents e.g. flavonoids and alkaloids. Flavonoids, saponins and tannins have also reported inhibitory effects on the arachidonic acid metabolism in various studies, hence it can be stated that the analgesic and anti- inflammatory effects of N. nucifera fruit may be due to the presence of these secondary metabolites in it. Present study has also revealed lipid lowering and antithrombotic effects of N. nucifera fruit. The inhibitory effect on lipid auto-oxidation and free radical scavenging activity of flavonoids, tannins and procyanidin might be a possible mechanism of its lipid lowering activity, whereas inhibitory effects of flavonoids and alkaloids (neferine and liensinine) on thromboxane A2 formation and platelet aggregation may be a reason of its antithrombotic effect. Present study also conducted sub-chronic toxicity studies which showed no substantial hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes in hepatic and renal tissues of most animals of treated groups, however hepatic and renal sections of few animals showed reversible mild to moderate inflammatory changes which were in agreement with biochemical alterations. Hence it can be concluded that N. nucifera fruit has enormous therapeutic potential and is highly safe for short term use but may be used in moderate doses if required for prolonged period; however more investigationsarerequiredinthisfieldtoconfirm these findings.
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بہارِ جہلم

بہارجہلم
(بابا فضل دین ؒ رجسٹرار ہائی کورٹ کی فرمائش پر)
میری آنکھوں سے دیکھے کوئی بہار جہلم
دل و جان سے وہ ہوگا نثار جہلم
عشق الٰہی کا سمندر وہاں بہتا ہے
اِک مرد قلندر جہاں رہتا ہے
دُکھ درد غریبوں کے وہ سہتا ہے
سب کرتے ہیں تجھ سے پیار جہلم
تیرے باسی بہت ہی پیار والے ہیں
ان کے دل بہت ہی اُجالے ہیں
وہ ہراک کے کام آنے والے ہیں
تیرے منگلا میں بہتا ہے آبشار جہلم
مئے پینے سب جہلم کو جاتے ہیں
پیا بھر بھرجام سب کو پلاتے ہیں
پیا جب موج میں آتے ہیں
تو پیاسا نہیں رہتا کوئی میخوار جہلم
قادری سائیںؔ میخانے کے سہارے ہم جیتے ہیں
توحید و رسالت کی مئے ہم پیتے ہیں
دلبر کے سنگ جو دن بھی بیتے ہیں
یاد کرکے دل روتا ہے زارو نزار جہلم

شریعت کی حقیقت اور تعبیرات: افکارِ مجدد الف ثانی کا ایک فنی زاویہ نگاہ

When we analyse the preaching of religion by the Holy Prophets (peace an blessing of Allah be upon them) in the background of history of mankind, we come to know that Allah Almighty offered at least a Shari'ah (a code of social, moral and religious conduct) to every Prophet or bound them to a Shari'ah previousl preached by another Prophet before them. Shari'ah is, in fact, based upon the principles and practices to lead life. There had been at least some differences in the Shari'ah different Prophets with regard to the difference of their time and place. It is a proven fact that the followers of a Prophet had always been bound to follow the Shari'ah of their own Prophets. The Shareeya of the Prophet of Islam (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) is absolutely consummate in every respect and it also fulfills the needs of all times to come. It is because of the fact that Mujtahidin who kept on resorting to Ijtehad. The topic under consideration is an intellectual research analysis of the efforts of Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi in the field of Ijtehad in the history of Islam.

Evaluation of Hypertonic Saline Solution in the Treatment of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia, Calf Scour and Other Clinical Conditions of Livestock Characterized by Hypovolaemia / Endotoxaemia

This study was conducted for the evaluation of hypertonic saline solution in haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) in buffaloes, calf scour in buffalo calves and other clinical conditions of livestock characterized by hypovolaemia and/or endotoxaemia including spontaneous cases of calf scour, dehydrated diarrhoeic goats and buffaloes. For this purpose, 50 buffaloes were selected from the field suffering from HS. The disease was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs. Then theses animals were randomly divided into two equal groups (A and B). Buffaloes of group A were treated with the conventional treatment already in vogue i.e. ceftiofur HCl and flunixin meglumine @ 6 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg BW, IM and IV, respectively. Group B was treated with intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline solution (HSS) @ 4 mL/kg BW followed by isotonic saline solution @ 10 mL/kg BW along with ceftiofur HCl and flunixin meglumine. For evaluation of HSS in calf scour, neonatal diarrhoea in buffalo calves (n=24) was induced through oral administration of 2 mL broth culture of having eneteropathogenic E. coli count of 10 10 CFU. To evaluate the efficacy of HSS in clinical conditions of livestock, spontaneous cases of calf scour (n=24), dehydrated diarrhoeic goats (n=24) and buffaloes (n=24) were studied. In all these conditions, the animals were randomly divided into two equal groups viz. A and B (n=12 each). Group A was treated with isotonic (90 mL/kg BW) and group B with hypertonic (4 mL/kg BW) saline solutions along with ceftiofur HCl and flunixin meglumine (6 and 2 mg/kg BW, respectively). The efficacy of treatment was evaluated on the basis of clinical parameters, haematological analysis, haemodynamic parameters, blood gas analysis, serum electrolytes and serum biochemical profiles. These all evaluation parameters were recorded at baseline (during disease), t=1, t=3, t=6, t=12, t=24 and t=36 hours after treatment. However, for induced calf scour, the additional recording time point was before induction of diarrhoea which acted as baseline; other recording time points being the same as for other conditions studied. Hypertonic saline infusion to the buffaloes of group B suffering from HS showed significantly higher survival rate of 80% and differed significantly (P < 0.05) from group A in which survival rate was 52%. Group B significantly (P < 0.05) improved heart rate, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration, partial pressure of arterial oxygen, blood pH and total serum protein. Hypertonic infusion increased serum sodium and xiiichloride ions concentration but the changes were not of sufficient magnitude to be of risk to the buffaloes. Hypertonic saline solution (group B) resuscitated buffalo calves from neonatal diarrhoea (either induced or spontaneous) more rapidly and effectively than isotonic saline solution (group A) and showed significant (P < 0.05) improvement in all the parameters studied. The resuscitation of diarrhoeic dehydrated goats (n=24) and buffaloes (n=24) through administering hypertonic saline solution was evaluated. Both treatment protocols helped in recovering the normal values of all the parameters studied within experimental period. But hypertonic saline solution showed significant differences (P < 0.05) over group A in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, partial pressure of arterial oxygen, blood pH and bicarbonates in diarrhoeic goats. In diarrhoeic buffaloes, HSS infusion only showed significant difference (P < 0.05) over group A in partial pressure of venous oxygen, while other parameters were recovered to normal without any statistical difference. On the basis of findings of this study, it was concluded that hypertonic saline solution can be safely administered to the buffaloes suffering from haemorrhagic septicaemia and buffalo calves with neonatal diarrhoea. It offset deleterious haemodynamic effects of endotoxins, thus ameliorates the septic shock more effectively than does antibiotic therapy alone in HS. In addition to rapid and effective, intravenous administration of a small volume of HSS provides a practical and economical method to resuscitate dehydrated calves with neonatal diarrhoea, diarrhoeic goats and buffaloes, thus make it suitable for field use.