The Analytical Study of Medication During Fasting in the Perspective of Shariah Rulings

The beauty of religion Islam is not only to provide the complete life style and charter for one to lead his life smoothly but it flourishes the human life with its eternal directions and commands full of hidden pleasures coupled with physical and spiritual care of human body. In fact, the everlasting religion comprised of such rulings that help individuals in every walk of life until and unless these rulings are implemented and executed in a proper way according to the prescribed codes of Almighty Allah and his Messenger, Prophet Muhammad PBUH. The thorough study of Shariah rulings reveals the fact that to protect the man’s life or even to make it in comfort and ease, the gradual and steady relaxation has been observed like the one unable to perform prayer in standing position, legitimate for him to sit or even through gestures according to the status of his illness and disease. Similarly, the fasting is important part of Worship, obligation upon Muslim to observe fasting during Ramadan with intentions to get Allah’s pleasure and piousness. This research study emphasis on highlighting the shariah rulings about the medication during fasting in order to know the extent of use, specification in drugs like injections and drips along with some relevant discussion about the spirit of medicine permission. The study will be the real addition to the knowledge and will be fine guidance for the Practiced Muslims.

Fabrication and Characterization of Metallic Multilayers for Advanced Applications

Metallic Multilayer Thin Films and Nanowires containing magnetic layers of Ni, Fe, Co or their Alloys, separated by non-magnetic spacer layer of Cu or Pt were prepared by Magnetron Sputter Deposition and Electrodeposition Techniques. The Fe/Cu/Ni trilayers were fabricated using RF Magnetron Sputter Deposition Technique. The XRD analysis exhibited crytalline behavior with cubic crystal structure and a new phase corresponding to cubic plane FeCuO was observed with increasing Cu spacer layer thickness. Thus roughness and interface diffusion of layers enhanced. The Magnetic analysis showed a trend of decreasing coercivity with increasing in Cu layer thickness and soft magnetic behavior. The resistivity of the samples measured by I-V plot was also increased with increasing Cu layer thickness. A Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) value of 16% was observed for minimum Cu layer thickness. Then Multilayer (ML) Thin Film Structures of N[Fe/Cu/Ni] were Electrodeposited for GMR measurements. The XRD analysis for structural studies revealed that all peaks were well matched with Ni (face-centered cubic) being the top most layer during ML deposition and a shifting of preferred orientation was observed with variation in the layer thickness of Cu. Refined structural parameters were calculated and details of fittings have been discussed with reference to layers’ thicknesses. Crystallite size, dislocation density, Stacking Fault Probability and strain all showed oscillatory behavior with variation in thicknesses. Magnetic properties investigated using VSM showed strong dependence of magnetization on layer thicknesses. Increasing Fe and Ni layer thicknesses enhanced the Saturation Magnetization whereas oscillatory behavior of magnetization was observed with variations in Cu layer thickness. Magnetotransport measurements showed Oscillatory Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) behavior as a function of intervening layer thickness. Highest value of GMR ∼12% was observed with a Cu layer thickness of 9.6 nm. Template-Assissted Single and Multilayered Nanowires of Ni, Ni/Cu/Ni, NiCo/Cu/NiCo and NiCoFe/Cu/NiCoFe were fabricated using Potentiostatic Electrodeposition Method. Stacks were repeated throughout the length of Nanowires. Polycarbonate track etched membrane was used to prepare nanowires with 30 nm diameter (pore diameter) and 6 mm length. A Hexagonal closed packed (hcp) crystal structure was observed from XRD xvii results. Texturing of c-axis of nanowires was in the direction perpendicular to the NWs'' long axis and remained same for all Nanowire Samples. Crystallite size of Ni, NiCo/Cu/NiCo and NiCoFe/Cu/NiCoFe was found comparable to the pore diameter of polycarbonate template i.e. ~ 30nm thus showing c-axis in the direction perpendicular to the NWs'' long axis. The low coercivity but a ver high value of GMR i.e. 70.84% was observed for NiCoFe/Cu/NiCoFe Multilayer Nanowires. Finally, different structures of Co1-xPtx(0£x£1) alloys in the form of thin films and nanowires were also prepared using Electrochemical Deposition Method. Thin films containing lower Co content exhibited hard magnetic behavior whereas soft magnetic properties were observed for thin films with high Co content. Ordered L10fct structure was obtained for all the samples at room temperature. In case of Co1-xPtx Nanowires, the similar trend of hard magnetization was exhibited for lower Co content, whereas soft behavior for all the rest of the compositions. For nanowires containing lower Pt content, the easy axis lied parallel to the wire axis and crossover was observed for higher Pt content. Switching mechanism of the magnetization occurs by localized coherent rotation for lower Pt values and by curling rotation for higher Pt values in Co1-xPtx nanowires.