Diabetes mellitus has been observed to be amongst the main manifestation of the metabolic syndrome with rising global incidence and prevalence all over the globe. Type II diabetes has been demonstrated as the cause of morbidity and mortality mainly due to enhanced risk of certain cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) that has contributed a huge disease burden on the humankind. In addition, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and endothelial dysfunctions have been reported as the major pathologies of prevailing CVDs imposing greater risks to human health. Multiple synthetic agents are currently available for the management of diabetes and its associated CVDs. However, lifelong use of these drugs has been found to be coupled with many adverse effects that result in patient unaffordability and non-compliance. Fortunately, Pakistan has rich medicinal flora and its people prefer using herbal remedies for the treatment of various chronic ailments including diabetes and CVDs. In local traditional medicine, a polyherbal formulation (POL-4) has been prescribed. It has been reported to contain a mixture of four herbs namely; the powdered seeds of Nigella sativa (Ns.Cr), Cichorium intybus (Ci.Cr), Trigonella foenum graecum (Tfg. Cr) and leaves of Gymnema sylvestre (Gs.Cr) in equal amounts. A few reports are available in the literature showing effectiveness of its individual plant drugs, but no detailed scientific study was available to show antidiabetic and/or cardiovascular efficacy of POL-4. Therefore, the present investigation was designed to determine the efficacy and mechanism of action of POL-4aswellasthatofitsingredientsindiabeticanimalmodelsandtheassociatedCVDs. Phytochemical assays were conducted qualitative analysis of constituents present in the extract of POL-4 and its individual plants which have been already reported to contain many active constituents(alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, coumarins and terpenoids). In addition, quantitative analysis of total flavonoid and phenolic contents were also carried out, these entities have been found in much quantities in POL-4 and its constituent plants and have been reported to possess antioxidant and radical scavenging properties, which are considered essential for promoting long life and risk reduction. These extracts or powdered POL-4 and its individual ingredients were studied for antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antihypertensive and endothelial modulating properties using different in vivo and in vitro models. The oral administration of POL-4 to glucose preloaded in rats in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) produced a marked decrease inbloodglucoselevelatvarious timeintervalsandeffect was foundsimilartoglibenclamide. Further, administration of POL-4 to alloxan-induced and fructose-fed diabetic rats prevented the rise in fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) but raised the high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL) levels. It was also found to produce improvement in endothelial dysfunction and associated hypertension. Histomorphometric findings of the treated rats (alloxan and fructose models) showed improvement in the morphology of islet of Langerhans. Further experiments in anesthetized rats, intravenous administration of extracts of POL-4 and its ingredients caused a dose-dependent fall in mean arterial pressure, comparable to verapamil. When tested on pre-contracted isolated rat aortic preparations, these extracts caused inhibition of high K+(80 mM)-induced contractions in such an order Ci.Cr>Ns.Cr>Tfg.Cr>Gs.Cr≅POL-4. However, on phenylephrine-induced contractions, Ci.Cr and Tfg.Cr showed complete relaxationwhilePOL-4.Cr,Gs.Crand Ns.Crshowed dualvasoconstriction andvasodilatation effects. To confirm Ca++ antagonist-like activity, the POL-4 and its ingredients produced positive results similar to verapamil. In addition, on the basal tone of aortic preparations, parent formulation and its ingredients except Tfg.Cr produced partially phentolamine (µM)-sensitive vasoconstriction. In isolated guinea-pig atria, the POL-4 and its three constituents (C. intybus, G. sylvestre and T. foenum graecum) fully decreased the force and rate of spontaneously beating atria, similar to verapamil. Then POL-4 and its ingredients were mixed with high fat-diet (HFD)- fed rats caused marked attenuation of serum TC , LDL-C , FBG, atherogenic index, coronary risk index and c-reactive proteins, while an increasewas notedinHDL-C and TGlevels,similarthatproduced byatorvastatin. ThePOL 4 and its ingredients reduced the systolic blood pressure of rats and significantly improved theendothelial dysfunction by augmenting acetylcholine-mediated relaxation. The extracts of POL-4 and its ingredients were administered to BALB/c mice in increasing serial doses (1, 3 and5g/kgbodywt.orally) wereunabletocauseanytoxicsymptomsormortality. In conclusion, it is conceivable from these data, POL-4 has been found to possess phytochemical constituents which possess marked antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects probably by inhibition of reactive oxygen species. The formulation and its ingredients possessed hypotensive effect predominantly mediated through blocking the calcium influx through membranous calcium channels and receptor operated (α-adrenergic receptor) pathways. The antihyperlipidemic effect of POL-4 and its ingredients may be attributed to absorption of lipids. Histomorphological finding of pancreatic tissues showed evidence of improvement. Acute toxicity studies showed safety of the formulation of tested doses. Thus the observed antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antihypertensive and endothelial modulating properties of POL-4 and its ingredients provide validation of the empirical use of thePOL-4inthetraditionalmedicineforthetreatmentofdiabetesandtheassociatedCVDs.
ام المومنین حضرت زینب ؓ بنت خزیمہ ان کا پہلا نکاح حضرت عبیدہ ؓ بن حارث بن عبدالمطلب سے ہوا ۔ ان کی وفات کے بعد جہم بن عمرو سے نکاح ہوا اور وہ بھی غزوہ بدر میں کام آئے تب تیسرا نکاح عبداللہ ابن جحش ؓسے کیا انہوں نے بھی غزوہ احد میں جام شہادت نوش کیا ۔ اس طرح یکے بعد دیگرے حضرت زینب ؓ بیوگی کے صدمہ سے دو چار ہوئیں لیکن غم گسار آقا آنحضرت ﷺ نے اپنے حرم میں انہیں داخل فرمایا ۔ قدرت کو یہی منظور تھا کہ آپ ام المومنینؓ کے اعزاز سے بہرہ ور ہوں اور آپ ﷺ کے ساتھ دور کی رفاقت میسر نہ ہو ، ایسا ہی ہوا کہ صرف چند ماہ بعد سیدہ زینب بنت خزیمہ ، جو ام المساکین کی کنیت سے معروف تھیں ، کا انتقال ہو گیا ۔ وفات کے وقت ان کی عمر مبارک تیس برس تھی ۔ صہیب ؓ آہن گر تھے ۔ قریش نے روک دیا کہ مدینہ ہجرت نہ کریں ۔ سامان باندھ کر مدینہ منورہ کو چلے تو قریش نے کہا ’’ جب تم یہاں آئے تھے تو فقیر تھے ، محتاج تھے ، یہاں رہ کر مالدار اور غنی ہو گئے ہو ، اور اب تم چاہتے ہو کہ وہ سب کچھ جو تم نے یہا ں کمایا ہے وہ ساتھ لے کر مدینہ چلے جائو ۔۔۔ واللہ ! یہ تو ہم کبھی نہ ہونے دیں گے ‘‘۔ حضرت صہیب ؓ نے کہا ’’ اگر میں یہ سارا کچھ تمہارے لیے چھوڑ دوں تو کیا مجھے جانے دو گے ‘‘؟ مشرکین بولے ’’ہاں ! پھر تم آزاد ہو ۔ ‘‘ صہیب ؓ نے بغیر سوچے اور بغیر کسی جھجھک کے اپنا سارا سامان کفار کے حوالے کیا اور خالی ہاتھ مدینہ روانہ ہو گئے ۔ جب...
Islamic rules and moral values are unique in all aspects. The members of Muslim Ummah have always tried to promote them. At the national level, this duty was carried out by people at different levels whether they were teachers, businessmen or lay man of the society. At international level, some rulers, business professionals and religious leaders played their role. Man's first relationship is with family. This relationship is the cornerstone in the development of a personality.
There has been a lot of change taken place in the family system. In the past, due to the limited necessities of life the financial responsibility was limited to a few people. Media was not that advanced and bold and family members were loving and respectful. With the beginning of advance era, human needs were widened and to satisfy them, women started participating in economic activities along with men. Due to which the child was shifted from his home to day care centre, while the media gave birth to the social media, the stories of compassion and care in home became the past. In the present era, there is a dire need to remove these barriers that hinder the development of Islamic values through balance between income and expenditure, positive and moderate use of media and positive attitude in family.
These issues will be discussed under the answers to the following questions.
What is the role of family in the development of Islamic ethics?
What are the problems faced by the family in the development of Islamic moral values?
What are the solutions to the present-day problems?
The present research tries to examine the impact of macroeconomic indicators and their fluctuation on the
Asian emerging stock prices. Over the last three decades these variables affect the stock prices of emerging
stock markets. The Asian emerging stock markets are most attractive, active and fast growing stock markets in
all over the world and these stock markets played an important role for the economic growth of Asian countries.
The Asian emerging stock markets consists of eight Southeast Asian countries named as Shanghai stock
exchange (China), Bombay stock exchange (India), Bursa Malaysia stock exchange (Malaysia), Korea stock
exchange (Korea), Taiwan stock exchange (Taiwan), Jakarta stock exchange (Indonesia), Philippines stock
exchange (Philippines) and stock exchange of Thailand (Thailand).
To examine the macroeconomic impact this study used six macroeconomic variables i.e. inflation rate, interest
rate, exchange rate, crude oil prices, money supply 2 and foreign exchange reserves and for analysis used
twenty three semiannually panel time series data for the periods of 1992 to 2014. In this study various
statistical techniques applied for analysis like descriptive statistics, Hausman test, fixed effects model and
ARCH-GARCH technique. Basically descriptive statistics performed for temporal properties of data and results
showed that the data are not normally distributed. While the findings of fixed effect models showed that all the
six macroeconomic variables have significantly positive impact but interest• rate and exchange rate these two
have negative impact on the eight Asian emerging stock prices.
The last findings of ARCH-GARCH test indicate that the exchange rate and interest rate negatively affect the
stock prices of most of the stock markets. The foreign exchange reserves have greater impact but positively
affects the stock prices of most of the countries stock market. While the implication is that the local and foreign
investors should to thoughtfully judge the macroeconomic forces to make rational investment decisions. The
government and the policy maker should keep in mind the effect of these macroeconomic variables during a
monetary policy construction process. It is also useful for investors to determine either by these six
macroeconomic variables the risk is diversified in these eight Asian emerging stock markets.
The present research tries to examine the impact of macroeconomic indicators and their fluctuation on the
Asian emerging stock prices. Over the last three decades these variables affect the stock prices of emerging
stock markets. The Asian emerging stock markets are most attractive, active and fast growing stock markets in
all over the world and these stock markets played an important role for the economic growth of Asian countries.
The Asian emerging stock markets consists of eight Southeast Asian countries named as Shanghai stock
exchange (China), Bombay stock exchange (India), Bursa Malaysia stock exchange (Malaysia), Korea stock
exchange (Korea), Taiwan stock exchange (Taiwan), Jakarta stock exchange (Indonesia), Philippines stock
exchange (Philippines) and stock exchange of Thailand (Thailand).
To examine the macroeconomic impact this study used six macroeconomic variables i.e. inflation rate, interest
rate, exchange rate, crude oil prices, money supply 2 and foreign exchange reserves and for analysis used
twenty three semiannually panel time series data for the periods of 1992 to 2014. In this study various
statistical techniques applied for analysis like descriptive statistics, Hausman test, fixed effects model and
ARCH-GARCH technique. Basically descriptive statistics performed for temporal properties of data and results
showed that the data are not normally distributed. While the findings of fixed effect models showed that all the
six macroeconomic variables have significantly positive impact but interest• rate and exchange rate these two
have negative impact on the eight Asian emerging stock prices.
The last findings of ARCH-GARCH test indicate that the exchange rate and interest rate negatively affect the
stock prices of most of the stock markets. The foreign exchange reserves have greater impact but positively
affects the stock prices of most of the countries stock market. While the implication is that the local and foreign
investors should to thoughtfully judge the macroeconomic forces to make rational investment decisions. The
government and the policy maker should keep in mind the effect of these macroeconomic variables during a
monetary policy construction process. It is also useful for investors to determine either by these six
macroeconomic variables the risk is diversified in these eight Asian emerging stock markets.