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Home > Pharmacovigilance and Patients’ Awareness Studies Towards Antihypertensive Therapy in Hospitals of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan

Pharmacovigilance and Patients’ Awareness Studies Towards Antihypertensive Therapy in Hospitals of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Iqbal, Mudassar

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Sindh

City

Jamshoro

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2015

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7790/1/Mudassar%20Iqbal%20Thesis.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726882653

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Pharmacovigilance is well defined by an internationally accepted health organization i.e. WHO, it is a study about finding, evaluation, understanding and avoidance of adverse effects or any other possible drug-related problems. The study of Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have a major role in regulatory processes of each medicine and ultimately impact on patients lives. Moreover it is an integral part between the patient and health care for better management of disease. Hypertension is one among the several chronic illnesses which is now the principal foundation of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. However, if remains uncontrolled, it can lead to various life threatening complications. The objectives of the study are to evaluate the prescribing trend of antihypertensive therapy among all three hospitals of Hyderabad, to assess the occurrence of ADRs due to antihypertensive drugs in Hyderabad city, to identify the most common adverse drug reactions of different classes of antihypertensive drugs, to assess the knowledge/awareness of patients regarding hypertension and appropriate use of antihypertensive drugs, to compare the ADRs between the hospitals of Hyderabad, to compare the Patient awareness between the hospitals of Hyderabad and to assess the perception of health care professionals regarding Pharmacovigilance. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the ADRs associated with antihypertensive therapy and patient’s awareness by collecting the patient’s feedback and health care professionals feedback via purposive and random sampling respectively from medicine and cardiac outpatient departments (OPD) of three major hospitals of Hyderabad, Sindh on predesigned questionnaire based on WHO monitoring guidelines for a period of three years and then data has been evaluated. Out of 3000 patients, maximum numbers of patients were enrolled from GTCH and the percentage was 42.37%. Majority of the patients were belonged to male gender with 57.33%. Further it was also observed that most of the patients were from urban areas with 79.77%. There were two out-patient departments (OPD) from where the patients enrolled i.e. medical as well as cardiac, 64.07% of the patients were reported from cardiac OPD and 35.93% from medical OPD. 30.63% of the patients were aged between 49 to 58 years i.e. maximum. About family history, 20.97% of the patients had positive history as 1 parent, 10.07% of the patients had two parents history while 55.23% of the patients had no any history of hypertension. The maximum number of patients was on combinations therapy i.e. 64.6% as compared to monotherapy patients i.e. 35.4%. Among combinations therapy the dual therapy was most commonly prescribed and the percentage was 65.02% as compared to triple (21.41%) and quadruple therapy (13.57%). In Government tertiary care hospital the most common prescribed antihypertensive drug as monotherapy was Atenolol and the percentage was 16.33%. In Private tertiary care hospital the most common prescribed antihypertensive drug as monotherapy was Telmisartan and the percentage was 15.84%. In Government secondary care hospital the most common prescribed antihypertensive drug as monotherapy was Atenolol and the percentage was 12.24%. In Government tertiary care hospital the most common prescribed antihypertensive drug as dual therapy was Telmisartan + hydrochlorothiazide and the percentage was 14.76%. In Private tertiary care hospital the most common prescribed antihypertensive drug as dual therapy was Valsartan+Amlodipine and the percentage was 13.21%. In Government secondary care hospital the most common prescribed antihypertensive drug as dual therapy was Lisinopril+hydrochlorothiazide and the percentage was 10.66%. In Government tertiary care hospital the most common prescribed antihypertensive drug as triple therapy was Atenolol + Chlorthalidone + Telmisartan and the percentage was 15.30%. In Private tertiary care hospital the most common prescribed antihypertensive drug as triple therapy was Enalapril + hydrochlorothiazide+Atenolol and the percentage was 21.48%. In Government secondary care hospital the most common prescribed antihypertensive drug as triple therapy was Valsartan+ hydrochlorothiazide+Amlodipine and the percentage was 18.56%. In Government tertiary care hospital the most common prescribed antihypertensive drug as quadruple therapy was Atenolol + Chlorthalidone + Telmisartan+αMD and the percentage was 26.44%.In Private tertiary care hospital the most common prescribed antihypertensive drug as quadruple therapy was Valsartan + Amlodipine+Atenolol+Chlorthalidone and the percentage was 35.29%. In Government secondary care hospital the most common prescribed antihypertensive drug as quadruple therapy was Amlodipine+Telmisartan+ Enalapril + hydrochlorothiazide and the percentage was 25.93%.
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حدود کےنفاذ کی شرائط

حدود کےنفاذ کی شرائط
حدود کی تنفیذ کے لیے مندرجہ ذیل شرائط کا پورا ہونا ضروری ہے:
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"استيفاء الحد إلى الإمام"38 "حد کا استیفا ء امام کا کام ہے۔ "
حاکم وقت یا اس کا نمائندہ ہی حد کا نفاذ کر سکتا ہے ، جیسا کہ علامہ مرغینانی ؒ تحریر کرتے ہیں کہ
"حد قائم کرنے کے لیے ضروری ہے اس کو امیرالمومنین یا حاکم وقت یا حاکم کا نمائندہ قائم کرے۔ "39
2۔ آزاد ، عاقل ، بالغ اور مرضی سے فعل سر انجام دینے والے پر حد جاری ہوتی ہے۔ علامہ مرغینانی لکھتے ہیں جس پر حد لگائی جائے وہ "آزاد ، عاقل ، بالغ ہواور یہ فعل آزاد ی و مرضی سے ہوا ہو۔ "40
3۔ جس پر حد قائم کی جائے وہ سلیم البدن ہو۔ پاگل ، مجنون ، مریض، ناتواں، ضعیف اور نشہ کی حالت میں حد قائم نہ ہو گی۔ ہاں البتہ ان کمزوریوں کے دور ہونے پر حد قائم ہو گی۔ رسول اللہ ﷺ کے زمانے میں تندرست پر ہی حد جاری کی جاتی، سوائے رجم کے ۔ حضرت عبد الرحمان سے روایت ہے کہ نبی ﷺ نے حضرت علی...

مظاهر الترف في الفن الأخميني

تعالج هذه الدراسة مظاهر الترف في الفن الأخميني، وما رافقه من تغيرات وتطورات انعكست على المستوى الفني والاقتصادي والاجتماعي، إذ إنَّ الإنسان بطبيعته الفطرية لديه ميول بحب الجمال، وعن طريق الفن يشعر الفنان بحقيقة هذا الجمال ومواطنه، فالفنان له قدرة وحدس في التنبه إلى مواطن الجمال في الطبيعة والكون، التي يشعر باللذة من توفيرها واشباعها والتي تمثل جزء من مظاهر الترف، سيما وأنها تبعث في على التذاذ الإنسان بما يفوق أحياناً اللذّات المادية والتي يحتاجها في حياته، وسنحاول في هذه الدراسة توضيح مفهوم الترف، والأسباب التي ساهمت في ظهوره عند بعض طبقات المجتمع الأخميني، وإلى أيَ مدى ساهم الفن الأخميني في بروز الترف، وفي هذه الدراسة سوف يتم يتناول مظاهر الترف الأخميني من حيث المادة الأولية التي نحت أو صنعت منها النماذج الفنية المتنوعة، حيث تشير الأعمال الفنية التي وصلت إلينا من هذا العصر إلى أمكانية فنية وفلسفية مترفة في معالجة الموضوعات لم نألفها قبل في فن الفارسي القديم وأن كان هذا النحات هو حفيد النحات الحضارات السابقة والمجاورة لا سيما الحضارتين العيلامية والآشورية، لكن ما أوجده هذا النحات الأخميني يشير إلى فهم عميق لدوره في المجتمع يسمو به على أقرانه.

Problems and Prospects of Science Education at Secondary Level in Pakistan

We are living in a scientific age. The battlefields of today are not in the planes and deserts but in the educational institutions. Pakistan is a developing country. Advancement in the field of science and technology is the only alternative, which can embark upon an era of economic as well as social development. This advancement requires revolutionary improvement in the field of science education at all levels. Keeping in mind the importance of science education, the present research study was undertaken. The objectives of the study were: a) to find the facilities available in the school laboratory for science education at secondary level in the sample institutions. b) To identify the problems in science education program at the secondary level in the sample institutions c) to identify the shortcomings in the pre-service training of science teachers of secondary level. The study was descriptive in nature and survey type. The population of the study was all secondary school science teachers, headmasters, secondary class science students and science experts. The previous education policies, reports, plans, educational documents, research papers and books were also studied. Data were collected through questionnaires. For this purpose, three questionnaires were developed consisting of closed items designed on five-point Likert scale. The last two items in each questionnaire were open ended. One questionnaire was for the science teachers, one for the science students and one for headmasters and science experts. The items in all the questionnaires were mostly the same except that some items were removed from students’ questionnaires such as items on teachers’ pre- service training. Besides, the science teachers’ questionnaire contained items on lab facilities. The sample was randomly selected from ten districts of Punjab province. The questionnaires were administered to the respondents and their responses were statistically analyzed using chi-square test for homogeneity at 0.05 level of significance. The open-ended items were analyzed based on its frequency of occurrences which was converted in to percentages. The findings of the study were that the examination system emphasized on memorization and neglected the application of concepts. The science course content was lengthy and contained irrelevant material. The science course content did not meet the international standards nor did it fulfill the needs of individual and society. Activity oriented method was lacking in science teaching. The pre-service teachers’ training focused more on theory and less on the practical aspect of teaching. The major recommendations of the study were that the examination should equally emphasize recalling, understanding and application of knowledge. The science course content may be reviewed to bring it at par with the international level. Due weightage should be given to the internal assessment. The science teachers should make use of activity methods and should involve the students to participate actively in the class. The teachers may be trained in using modern teaching methodologies and conducting science practical at the required level. The science education program may be regularly monitored and supervised.