Patterns of genetic and phenotypic variations are being of critical importance for the sustainability of the population and the persistence of the species. Genetic diversity correlates with the abundance and size of populations therefore has great ecological significance. As so far, it is not studied in Pakistan, this work was aimed at determining the genetic diversity and population structure for house sparrow across the selected habitats and to document its morphological characteristics. The total number house sparrow captured was 229 from two districts of Punjab (Faisalabad and Rawalpindi) studied for morphological measurements. While the blood samples was able to collect from 193 samples of these. Morphometric data analysis of house sparrow as influenced by site, sub-site and sex of the birds for nice characters ( viz., body weight, wing span, tail length, wing length, wing span and tail length ) revealed significant results. Microsatellite markers (16) were used to determine the genetic relationship among two populations of house sparrow captured from two habitats. The mean observed number of alleles (Na) ranged from 2.81-4.10 (sub-site III for Rawalpindi population to sub-site III for Faisalabad respectively). The Na per locus ranged from 2-8 indicated mean value of 6.75. The values of observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.38- 0.51 for sub-site I of Faisalabad to sub-site III of Rawalpindi correspondingly. The deviation from HW equilibrium was 75.78% calculated from locus population comparison. FST (variation due to differences among populations) and FIS (variation within a population) indicated the relative utility of each marker for variations among populations based of allele frequency differences. All loci contributed significantly to the overall differentiation among populations across the sub-habitats of two major habitats (Faisalabad and Rawalpindi). The phylogenetic relation of populations was determined from Nei’s standard genetic distances (Ds) using MEGA software. UPGMA (unweight pair group method for arithmetic means) was used to obtain the phylogenetic tree having two main clusters denoted by “a” and “b”. The topology of UPGMA tree approved well to the history and geographic distribution of house sparrow populations with few atypical results. These results suggested that on small scale the ecological factors have strong influence on morphological and genetic variations as well as on the size of the population. Generally the fragmented environment can cause fine scale patterns of genetic diversity which helps to ascertain factors restraining population size and regulate conservation potential.
تنقید: تنقید عربی زبان کا لفظ ہے۔ جس کے عام معنی اخراج کے ہیں۔نورالغات میں مولوی نورالحسن نے اس کی تعریف یوں کی ہے: "کھوٹا کھرا پرکھنا یا جانچ کرنا۔ایسی جانچ جو ضعیف اور مشکوک چیزوں کو الگ کردے یعنی اچھے اور برے کی تمیز کرنا" اردو ادب میں اس کے مترادف لفظ تنقید استعمال ہوتا ہے لیکن انگریزی میں اس کے مترادف لفظ Criticism استعمال ہوتا ہے۔بعض اوقات اس کے لیے نقد یا انتقاد کے الفاظ بھی استعمال کیے جاتے ہیں۔حامداللہ افسرنے اسی تناظر میں اپنی کتاب "تنقیدی اصول و نظریے" پہلے نقد الادب کے نام سے شائع کی۔ان کی ایک کتاب" انتقاد" اور دوسری "اصول انتقاد ادبیات" کے نام سے شائع ہوئی لیکن ہمارے معاشرے میں اکثریت کے ساتھ چلنا پڑتا ہے۔لہذا حامداللہ افسر اس نتیجے پر پہنچے کہ چونکہ اکثریت اس طرف جا رہی ہے تو میں چونکہ اس کو نام نقد یا انتقاد دینا چاہ رہا ہوں تو شاید کامیاب نہ ہو سکوں تو انہوں نے اپنی کتاب کا نام تبدیل کیا اور اسی کتاب کو پھر شائع کیا اور اس کا نام رکھا" تنقیدی اصول و نظریے"۔ حامد اللہ افسر کی اس کے بارے میں رائے یہ ہے کہ وہ کیوں اس طرف آئے۔وہ کہتے ہیں : "لفظ تنقید عربی صرف و نحو کے اعتبار سے صحیح نہیں ہے جس کی جگہ نقد یا انتقاد ہونا چاہیئے۔لیکن اردو ادب میں اب یہ لفظ رائج ہو گیا ہے۔اس کی جگہ کسی دوسریلفظ کا استعمال مناسب نہ ہوگا۔جہاں تک اردو زبان کا سوال ہے اسے صحیح سمجھنا چاہیئے۔" ادبی اصطلاحات کا تعارف" کے صفحہ 167 پر مصنف ابوالاعجاز صدیقی کی رائے یہ ہے : "تنقید اصل میں کسی بھی فن پارے کو ذاتی پسندو ناپسند سے بالا ہو کر پرکھنے اور جانچنیکا نام ہے۔تنقید کسی ادب کے فنی محاسن کی پرکھ کا نام ہے"
Sheikh Molana saleem ullah khan was born in Muzaffer Nagar in India. He belongs to hasan pur. He get degree of dura-e-nizami from Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband. In Deoband he received Education of Quran, Hadith and other related sciences through learned scholars of the time which includes Molana Hussain Ahmed Madani, Molana Izaz Ali, Molana Idrees kandahalvi and other religious personalities. After his education he start teaching and served as a teacher in many madaris. He was a prominent and renowned scholar.1n 1967 He laid the foundation of Jamia Farooqia Karachi. His entire services have been so much blessed by Almighty Allah that since its foundation, till now the Jamia has advanced a long way in Islamic Education and related fields which seems almost unbelievable. He left many books which based on his writing and narration of Hadith during different session of dura-e-Hadith. In this Article, I have tried my level best to elaborate sheikh saleem Ullah khan’s services as Author for Islamic literature and specially for Hadith Nabvi(s.w).
A bare salt-affected land was selected in the vicinity of a remnant grove of thorn forest community at Harappa archaeological site with the objective of rehabilitating minimum viable populations of thorn forest species. Monitoring of previously planted trees revealed spatial differences in species establishment with sites showing good, moderate and poor survival and growth. In order to successfully restore the site a complete set of experiments was designed, that based on in-depth analysis of microclimatic factors, species tolerance limits and fertilizer amendments. The results revealed that restoration of native plant community required the identification and modification of environmental factors that were impeding or restricting ecosystem development at this site. They also showed that the area is not uniformly saline but can be divided into sites of low (EC e < 60 mS cm -1 ), moderate (60-85 mS cm -1 ) and high (> 85 mS cm -1 ) surface salinity. Analysis of replaced soil showed accumulation of salinity in plant pits at all the sites in general and at high salinity site in particular resulting in greater plant mortality at that site. Difference in micro-topography was causing greater salinity built-up in the pits at high salinity site especially by monsoon overflows resulting in high plant mortality. A pot experiment designed to check the response of individual species to salinity and fertilizers showed a negative linear relationship between plant growth and biomass characters as they decreased with increasing salinity levels and were enhanced with increasing fertility. All tree species seemed to be salt tolerant to varying degrees. EC e value at which dry matter production would be reduced to 50% as compared to un-fertilized control plants was highest for Salvadora oleoides followed by Prosopis cineraria, Tamarix aphylla and Capparis decidua under low fertility and this sequence of decreasing salt tolerance was maintained when plants were supplemented by fertilizers. An in-situ experiment was conducted using soil replacement, gypsum and inorganic fertilizers as amendments on the three salinity sites. Three years monitoring suggested that enhanced Nitrogen and Phosphorus nutrition had a positive effect on all growth variables as availability of both in the soil was limiting. The effect was more pronounced at site of low salinity and in more tolerant S. oleoides and T. aphylla as compared to the other two species. Moreover remedial measures for the xivrevegetation of highly saline patches were experimented with nutritional amendments in combination with surface modification at high salinity site. Incorporation of farmyard manure (FYM) with physical barriers generated the greatest revegetation success in all species and was not only found to be biologically sound but also economically feasible restoration treatment. A total of 705 trees have been successfully established out of that 481, 132, 57 and 35 are of S. oleoides, T. aphylla, P. cineraria and C. decidua, respectively. After initial fertilization and two years of supplemental irrigation the plants are now not required to be nurtured. Three out of four tree species have started producing seeds and many trees are now acting as nurse plants and are facilitating the establishment of other species under them. With the arrival of avian dispersers natural recruitment can now be seen at many places. Ecosystem function parameters are indicating that this restored area is on a trajectory towards a self-sustaining ecosystem. Recommendations derived from this study have been incorporated in the site management plan and have been successfully implemented for the rehabilitation of adjacent area. With the accumulation of both above and below-ground biomass as well as litter and other woody debris this juvenile forest is now sequestering carbon and is contributing towards building viable populations of thorn forest species at Harappa archaeological site. The populations of both S. oleoides and T. aphylla have now attained a safe number while increasing the number of individuals of P. cineraria by reclaiming more area and initiation of seed formation in this species will also assure its population viability.