Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n=6X=42, AABBDD) is the most widely cultivated and consumed food corp; regarded as a major conduit towards addressing the food security challenges of 2050. Over the recent years, salt stress (salinity) has emerged as one of the most significant abiotic stress impeding the expansion of wheat cultivation area and posing a threat to international food security. Synthetic hexaploid wheats (SHW) produced from crossing tetraploid durum wheat Triticum turgidum (AABB, 2n=28) to Aegilops tauschii Coss. (DD, 2n=14) provides a unique opportunity for exploiting novel genetic variability for wheat improvement associated with biotic and abiotic stresses. Here the focus was to comprehend the role of diverse Ae. tauschii accessions in SHWs derived from same durum/different Ae. tauschii accessions. While a major objective was to analyze the influence of D-genome on salinity tolerance in these SHWs and their derivatives on the basis of morpho-physiological, molecular and yield related traits against salt tolerance. In this study 136 wheat genotypes were used. Laboratory screening of the seedling salinity tolerance was studied at 0mM, 75mM and 150mM NaCl in Petri plates. After germination, seedling were harvested and data were recorded for shoot length, root length, shoot fresh and dry weight, and root dry weight. Mean square values obtained from analysis of variance showed significant variation for all the recorded observation among wheat genotypes grown under different salt concentrations. Twenty-one genotypes performed best at seedling stage and showed salt tolerance on the basis of biomass production when exposed to 75mM and 150mM NaCl with stress tolerance index ranged from 70-100%. All genotypes were screened at vegetative and maturity stage in greenhouse under control (0mM NaCl) and salt stress (150mM) condition for various morphological, physiological and yield related traits. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that Genotype × treatment interaction expressed highly significant differences for all the observed traits. Multivariate principal component analysis reduced all the traits variables into six and five principle components accounted for 69.64% and 75.76% of contribution to total variation under control and salt stress condition respectively. Correlation analysis showed that sodium ions had strong negative correlation while potassium ions had strong positive correlation with all the recorded observations under salt stress condition. Based on salt tolerant indices of yield related traits i.e. grain per spike, thousand grain weight, grain yield per plant, biological yield and harvest index percentage 41 wheat genotypes were grouped as tolerant, 57 as moderately tolerant, 18 as moderately susceptible and 20 genotypes were grouped as susceptible under salt stress till physiological maturity stage. Forty-eight microsatellite or SSR markers that covered A, B and D genome of wheat were used to characterize the genetic diversity of all genotypes. A total of 208 polymorphic alleles with an average of 4.3 alleles per marker were detected. PIC value ranged from 0.336 to 0.867 with an average value of 0.591 showing considerable genetic diversity among wheat genotypes. Major allele frequency among genotypes ranged from 0.184 to 0.691 with mean value of 0.497. Population structure analysis divided all genotypes into four major subpopulations based on SSR diversity. Association mapping analysis based on 208K SNP sequencing of wheat genotypes identified 528 marker trait associations (MTAs) for various recorded observations under salt stress condition by mixed linear model approach (MLM) with phenotypic variability (R2) ranging from 11.25% to 30.76%. LOD value for various MTAs varied from 3 to 5.68 based on sequencing results. These MTAs covered all the A, B and D- genomes of synthetic wheat and where contribution of the D-genome toward salt stress was shown by 181 MTAs. These MTAs could be utilized in functional characterization of salt related regions and marker assisted selection for better grain yield and grain quality of wheat breeding program in general and of salt tolerance in particular. The overall results indicated that salt stress induces enhanced expressivity of the D-genome and that SHWs is a valuable source of diverse alleles for wide-ranging adaptability and to improve salt stress potential in natural hexaploid wheat.
حکیم شیر محمد شیر(۱۸۷۴۔۱۹۶۰) داغ دہلوی کے شاگرد اور لسان الاعجاز پنڈت میلا رام وفا کے استاد گرامی تھے۔ اقبال کی طرح آپ بھی خط و کتابت کے ذریعے مرزا خاں داغ دہلوی سے شاعری میں اصلاح لیتے تھے۔ داغ کی وفات کے بعد آپ نے سید احمد حسن میرٹھی کو اپنا کلام دکھانا شروع کر دیا۔ آپ کا کلام ہندوستان کے معروف رسائل میں چھپتا رہا۔ تین ضخیم دیوان لکھے مگر انہیں غربت کی وجہ سے شائع نہ کروا سکے۔ (۱۵۷) شیر نے غزلیں بہت کم لکھی ہیں۔ نظم‘ قصیدہ‘ مرثیہ‘ سلام اور صنف تاریخ کو تو وہ بچوں کا کھیل خیال کرتے تھے۔ بہت کوشش کے باوجود شیر کے مسودات دریافت نہیں ہو سکے۔ ’’سرزمینِ ظفر وال‘‘ کے تذکرے کے ذریعے راقم الحروف نے شیر کا کچھ کلام بازیاب کیا ہے۔ آپ نے اپنی ساری زندگی اپنے آبائی وطن ظفر وال(سیالکوٹ) میں گزاری۔ آپ کے کلام میں دیگر موضوعات کے ساتھ ساتھ مقامیت کے عناصر دیکھے جا سکتے ہیں۔ اس حوالے سے ان کی نظم ’’قصبہ ظفر وال‘‘ ملاحظہ کی جا سکتی ہے۔ اس نظم میں مقامیت کے ساتھ ساتھ ماضی و حال‘ تقسیمِ ہند اور ہندوستانی تہواروں کا ذکر بھی ملتا ہے۔ اس نظم کی زبان بہت سادہ اور سلیس ہے کچھ اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں:
اب ظفر وال ہے شکستہ حال آ گیا ہے اس آئینہ میں بال
رہ گیا ہے صرف عکس مو اس میں خوبیاں ہیں نہ خوبرو اس میں
چشمہ مہر میں وہ آب نہیں خم گردوں میں وہ شراب نہیں
وہ زمیں اب وہ آسمان نہ رہا ہم نے دیکھا تو جو سماں نہ رہا
Researchers, Scholars and historians have rendered invaluable services on important topics such as the biography of the Prophet ( P.B.U.H) and the Biography of Sahaabah. But unfortunately some writers have included in their writings some traditions and baseless historical references about the holy congregation of the Companions which are not worthy of the holy congregation and do not meet the rules and regulations of the traditions of these biographies and histories ۔ Leading historians of the present day have done unparalleled work on the Seerah of the Companions in the case of the writings and compilations of the Seerah and history. Has done research work on relations with But in the beginning (in the case) as well as in the context, the principles of Seerah and history have been discussed in detail and we have tried to bring out all the principles that are standard, accepted, in the Seerah and the character of the Companions and the disputes of the Companions. I am going to pave the way for balance and moderationIn The following Lines, a special study or the principles of biography and history described by contemporary historians such as Maulana Shibli Nomani ( 1913) Maulana Saeed Ahmed Akbarabadi ( 1985) and Maulana Nafe (2014) is presented. In this regard, efforts will be made to clarify how the path of moderation can be taken in this regard, how the honor of Ahel Bayt and Sahabah can be maintained and how such traditions can be avoided as a result. There was no mention of Ahle –e- Bayt or Zat –e- Sahaba or there was no element of division.
Assessment is one of the very important and essential domains of education to determine students' learning attainment. Authenticity and effectiveness of education system cannot be determined without reliable and valid assessment. There have been different types of assessments used for different levels and fields in education. In the present time, Student Learning Outcomes (SLOs) based assessment has emerged as leading and the most acceptable ways of assessing students' learning in most part of the world. This dissertation explores the readiness level of teachers in introducing SLOs-based assessment in grade V board level examination in Gilgit-Baltistan, Gilgit region, through quantitative research method. Teachers' views about SLOs-based assessment, perceptions about the successful implementation of SLOs-based assessment, various challenges that would teachers face and professional training needs of teachers, if SLOs-based assessment is being introduced in grade V board level examination discussed in various themes. A newly developed and validated survey questionnaire ISLOBA, based on five-point Likert scale was used for data collection. 1 80 male and female participants were selected through multi grade stratified sampling procedures. The validated questionnaire was distributed among the participants in district Ghizer for data collection. Further, the data were tabulated, analysed and interpreted category wise and findings were made employing descriptive statistics. The study concludes that majority of the respondents were not satisfied with the current traditional way of board examination system of class V. In contrast, large number of respondents considered SLOs-based assessment as an important way of assessing child's personal, social development as well deeper understanding, and critical thinking skills. Some teacher were feeling themselves equipped, while equally same number of teachers stated that they need professional trainings before introducing new examination system. Majority of respondents were of the view that, if SLOs-based assessment is introduced it would reduce the chances of text cramming and rote memorization among students. It was also stated that implementation of the SLOs-based assessment mainly depends very much on the school level leadership and a reform of the existing examination system. Hence, Outcome Based Assessment plays an important role in enhancing students' motivation and autonomy in their learning. Based on the findings, this paper discusses some of the suggested processes to be included in the implementation of SLOs-based assessment and the issues to be considered in the actual implementation.