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Home > Phenotypic, Biochemical and Cytological Studies of Gamma Rays Induced Rapeseed Mutant Populations

Phenotypic, Biochemical and Cytological Studies of Gamma Rays Induced Rapeseed Mutant Populations

Thesis Info

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Author

Iftikhar Ali

Program

PhD

Institute

The University of Agriculture

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Botany

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1612

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726885039

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In order to appraise use of induced mutations for rapeseed breeding (B. napus) study was carried out. The gamma irradiation doses of 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 kgy showed overall depressive effects on rapeseed plants in M 1 generation. The highest gamma irradiation recorded the highest reduction effects in emergence and in survival percentage leading to greater lethality as compared to control plants of parental variety Abasin-95. The induced morphological and chlorophyll mutations were studied in M 2 segregating populations under two diversified agro-climatic environments of Kaghan (elevation of 2030 m) and Peshawar (elevation of 510 m). The gamma dose at 1.0and 1.2 kgy induced the highest mutation frequency at Kaghan and Peshawar respectively. The gamma dose 0.8 kgy showed higher mutagenic efficiency and effectiveness compared to rest of the treatments. Viable mutations of interest such as modification in seed size and variation in seed color were noticed in high frequency in all gamma treated populations at both environments. Induced variability for quantitative traits including flowering, plant height, branches, pod length, seeds pod -1 , seed weight, oil content, protein, linolenic acid, oleic acid, erucic acid and glucosinolate content in individual M 2 mutant plants was estimated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Higher induced variability for yield and yield components, and plant maturity was noticed at Peshawar while at Kaghan more variability was observed for oil content and oleic acid traits in mutant populations. Comparative molecular cytogenetic study of rapeseed mutant plants and parental variety Abasin-95 was carried out. The FISH experiments designed with double target approach and of 5S rDNA and 25S rDNA probes. Chromosomes of all mutant lines were morphologically similar but had variability in number. Some of the mutant lines were aneuploid had a range of 37 to 35 chromosomes. The gamma irradiation significantly increased the frequency of changed cells in mutant plants as compared to untreated parental plants. Ribosomal DNA sites were effectively stained and eight pairs of chromosomes with chromosomal base type I- VIII in cells of parental cultivar Abasin-95 was observed. In addition to the occurrence of base type I chromosomes, a new chromosome type I 2 with rDNA sites was observed in the cells of mutant line RMN-200. A comparative analysis of 5S, 25S and double targeted (5S+25S) rDNA distribution in successive generations disclosed high polymorphism in mutant plants in comparison to their respective control. All three types of rDNA markers confirmed significant increase in number of rDNA sites in mutant plants (21) as compared to control (17). Presence of two groups of rDNA in abundant loci in very different chromosomal locations in rapeseed was confirmed in present study. Simultaneously FISH with 5S and 25S rDNA probes also identified inter-genomic and inter-individual polymorphism and chromosomal variations in rapeseed mutant plants. Rapeseed mutant lines of M 5 generation with modified oilcontent of parental variety Abasin-95 was used to investigate genotype and environment interaction and performance stability. Combined analysis of variance for pooled data over three locations namely Peshawar, Faisalabad, and Tandojam for two years showed significant differences among the mean squares for locations, years and genotypes and genotype and environment interaction for seed yield, and oil content. The mutant lines RMN-34 and RMN-14 significantly out yielded the rest of the mutant lines for both traits. The contribution of locations to total variation was higher (73.77 for seed yield & 93.20% for oil yield) as compared to (11.12 & 4.33%) of genotypes and G x E interaction (7.81%). GGE biplot divided environments in major rapeseed growing regions in Pakistan into four subsets. The graphic biplots of mutant genotype seed yield means and their stability suggested four different genotype groups. Group one highly desirable which was high yielding with high stability such as mutant lines RMN-847 (2n=36-38) and RMN-14 (2n=38). The group with high yield but low stability is desirable for specific selection such as specialty rapeseed oil as in case of mutant genotypes, RMN-34 (2n=38), whereas low yield and low stability mutant lines RMN-2111, (2n=38) and RMN-1191 (2n=35-38) were possible candidates for special breeding purposes such as disease or drought resistance selection. The most undesirable mutant genotype was RMN-200 (2n=38) with low yield but high yield stability. Rapeseed mutant genotype RMN-200 performed poorly for yield in all the three test locations. The mutant lines RMN-847, RMN-14 and RMN-34 along with parental cultivar Abasin-95 expressed more adaptability over test locations.
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3۔اندھا بوڑھا

اندھا بوڑھا

نعمان نذیر

صبح ہوتے ہی  معمول سے کچھ دیر پہلے ہی اس کی آ نکھ کھل گئی ۔ یوں تو وہ آ غاز سے ہی اپنے کام میں مہارت کے ساتھ ساتھ وقت کی پابندی کا بھی قائل تھا۔ شاید ہی ان دس سالوں میں کھبی اس کو افسران بالا کی طرف سے اس بات کا اعتراض کیا گیا ہو کہ وہ وقت پہ دفتر نہیں پہنچا ۔ ان دس سالوں میں اس کے افسر جو متعدد تبدیل ہو چکے تھے۔ کوئی بھی اس کے کام پہ معترض نہ تھا۔۔۔۔۔۔۔

آج اس کی زندگی کا ایک اہم دن تھا۔ اس موقع پہ اس کی بیوی بھی اس کی خوشی میں برابر شریک تھی۔ اسی کی خدمت اور حوصلے سے تو وہ آ ج اس مقام تک پہنچا تھا۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔

اس خبر کا انتظار اسے گزشتہ دو سال سے تھا ۔ وہ مسلسل اپنی محنت کا پھل پانے کے لئے آ ج تیار تھا ۔ یہ دن تھا اس کی محکمانہ ترقی کا۔۔۔۔۔

اس خبر کی اطلاع تو اسے نیم کلرک نے ایک مہینہ قبل ہی دے تھی۔ جب اس کی ترقی کا پروانہ مرکزی دفتر میں دستخط ہونے کا منتظر تھا۔ ۔۔۔

اس موقعہ کو یاد گار جانتے ہوئے اس نے نیا قیمتی لباس بھی تیار کروایا تھا ۔ گزشتہ اتوار کو وہ اپنی اہلیہ کے ہمراہ شہر کے سب سے بڑے شاپنگ مال میں کپڑے اور جوتے خریدنے گیا ۔ اس کی بیوی نے اپنے خرچ میں سے جمع کی گئی رقم سے مہنگے جوتے خرید کر تحفہ دیا۔ جو اس کی اس کامیابی کو اپنی کامیابی سمجھتی تھی ۔۔۔۔۔

آ خر کار 15 ستمبر کے دن کا سورج طلوع ہوگیا ۔ وہ معمول...

الغرر في العقود, دراسة فقهية مقارنة بين المذاهب الأربعة

Islam is a way of life and it does not allow betray of any kind to anyone especially in trade and business. Islam does not allow to buy or sell any type of commodity by any means in which there is a chance of betray, and along with it Islam also does not allow jugglery, betting, selling of item before purchasing and selling a commodity without having a possession. In Islamic Jurisprudence these conditional trade is known asGhararIt is then divided in two types of which the first type is prohibited by all school of thoughts and the other type is allowed by some school of thoughts

Acute Toxicity of Metals to the Fish Channa Marulius, Mystus Seenghala and Wallago Attu

The toxic effects of water-borne metals to the three carnivorous fish species viz. Channa marulius, Mystus seenghala and Wallago attu were determined in two phases i.e. (i) acute toxicity of individual metals and metals mixture to the fish and (ii) bioaccumulation of metals in the fish organs during acute toxicity exposures. The acute toxicities of individual metals viz. aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and Al+As+Co+Ni mixture (MM), in terms of 96 h LC50 and lethal concentrations, to three length groups (50, 100 and 150mm) of C. marulius, M. seenghala and W. attu were determined at constant water temperature, pH and total hardness of 28oC, 8 and 250mgL- 1, respectively. The metals accumulation pattern in the fish organs viz. gills, liver, kidney, heart, gut, intestine, muscles, bones and skin of three fish species of 50, 100 and 150mm length groups was also determined at both 96 h LC50 and lethal concentrations of individual metals and MM, separately. Moreover, during each acute toxicity trial, the physico-chemical parameters viz. water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, carbondioxide, total hardness, total ammonia, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium of the test media, used for individual metals and MM, were also determined on 12 hourly basis. The tolerance limits of three carnivorous fish species for individual metals and metals mixture varied significantly at p<0.05. However, 150mm length groups of fish were significantly more tolerant to all the individual metals and MM toxicity than that of 100 and 50mm length groups. M. seenghala exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher sensitivity to all the individual metals and MM, followed by W. attu and C. marulius. The overall sensitivity measured in terms of 96 h LC50 of all the three fish species towards individual metals and MM followed the order: MM>As>Al>Co>Ni while that of lethal concentrations was MM>As>Al>Ni>Co indicating that exposure of MM to the fish caused additive effects on the fish. The accumulation of metals in the body organs of three fish species varied significantly due to acute exposure of individual metals and MM. Three length groups of fish showed significant variability to amass metals in their body organs also. The ability of three length groups of fish to bioaccumulate metals in their bodies, under acute exposure of individual metals and MM, followed the order: 150mm ˃ 100mm ˃ 50mm. At acute toxicity exposures, the overall ability of three species of fish to accumulate metals in their body organs followed the order: C. marulius ˃ W. attu ˃ M. seenghala with significant differences. “Therefore, these fish species may act as bio-indicators of metals pollution in the natural freshwaters” At 96 h LC50 exposure, the overall accumulation of metals was significantly higher due to exposure of MM (254.44±78.40µgg-1) in all the three fish species, followed by that of Co (163.12±57.11µgg-1), Ni (162.53±66.14µgg-1), Al (128.98±54.16µgg-1) and As (46.16±13.52µgg-1). However, at 96 h lethal concentration, the overall accumulation of metals in the body organs of all the three species of fish followed the order: MM ˃ Ni ˃ Co ˃ Al ˃ As. At 96 h LC50 exposure, the overall pattern of Al and As accumulations in the organs of all the three species of fish followed the order: liver > kidney > gills > heart > gut > intestine > bones > skin > muscles with significant differences. However, Co accumulation in the fish varied significantly (p˂0.05) that followed the order: liver ˃ kidney ˃ heart ˃ gills ˃ intestine ˃ gut ˃ bones ˃ skin ˃ muscles. Ni accumulation was significantly higher in the fish liver, followed by that in kidney, heart, gills, gut, intestine, bones, skin and muscles. In general, the 96 h lethal concentration exposure caused significantly higher amassing of Al and Co in the fish liver, followed by that in kidney, gills, heart, gut, intestine, bones, skin and muscles. Fish kidney showed significantly maximum ability to concentrate As while muscles had significantly minimum amassing of As. The accumulation of Ni in the body organs of three fish species followed the order: liver > kidney > heart > gills > gut > intestine > bones > skin > muscles. However, the overall accumulation pattern of metals in the fish organs varied significantly as liver > kidney > gills > heart > gut > intestine > bones > skin > muscles. The toxicity of individual metals and MM to fish modified significantly due to dissolved oxygen, carbondioxide, total ammonia, calcium and magnesium of the test media. Both 96 h LC50 and lethal concentrations of fish showed significantly positive correlations with carbondioxide and total ammonia contents of the test media. Moreover, LC50 and lethal concentrations of individual metals and MM showed significantly direct relationships with the accumulation of metals in the body organs of fish demonstrating significantly direct impacts on each other. This also shows significantly variable susceptibility of three fish species towards individual metals and MM. The significant differences among three fish species for their tendency to amass various metals in their body organs showed species specificity that correlates with their sensitivity to individual metals and MM. At higher concentration of metallic ions, fish encountered stressful conditions that caused significantly more activity of the fish resulting into an excessive excretion of ammonia and carbondioxide. The stressful concentrations of metals/MM also resulted into significant decrease in the dissolved oxygen contents of the test media. These hypoxic conditions would have resulted into higher ventilation rate leading to enhanced water flow over the fish gills. This situation leads to more vigorous consumption of oxygen by the fish resulting into significant decline of dissolved oxygen contents of the test media at higher concentration of metallic ions as observed during present investigation.