In order to appraise use of induced mutations for rapeseed breeding (B. napus) study was carried out. The gamma irradiation doses of 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 kgy showed overall depressive effects on rapeseed plants in M 1 generation. The highest gamma irradiation recorded the highest reduction effects in emergence and in survival percentage leading to greater lethality as compared to control plants of parental variety Abasin-95. The induced morphological and chlorophyll mutations were studied in M 2 segregating populations under two diversified agro-climatic environments of Kaghan (elevation of 2030 m) and Peshawar (elevation of 510 m). The gamma dose at 1.0and 1.2 kgy induced the highest mutation frequency at Kaghan and Peshawar respectively. The gamma dose 0.8 kgy showed higher mutagenic efficiency and effectiveness compared to rest of the treatments. Viable mutations of interest such as modification in seed size and variation in seed color were noticed in high frequency in all gamma treated populations at both environments. Induced variability for quantitative traits including flowering, plant height, branches, pod length, seeds pod -1 , seed weight, oil content, protein, linolenic acid, oleic acid, erucic acid and glucosinolate content in individual M 2 mutant plants was estimated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Higher induced variability for yield and yield components, and plant maturity was noticed at Peshawar while at Kaghan more variability was observed for oil content and oleic acid traits in mutant populations. Comparative molecular cytogenetic study of rapeseed mutant plants and parental variety Abasin-95 was carried out. The FISH experiments designed with double target approach and of 5S rDNA and 25S rDNA probes. Chromosomes of all mutant lines were morphologically similar but had variability in number. Some of the mutant lines were aneuploid had a range of 37 to 35 chromosomes. The gamma irradiation significantly increased the frequency of changed cells in mutant plants as compared to untreated parental plants. Ribosomal DNA sites were effectively stained and eight pairs of chromosomes with chromosomal base type I- VIII in cells of parental cultivar Abasin-95 was observed. In addition to the occurrence of base type I chromosomes, a new chromosome type I 2 with rDNA sites was observed in the cells of mutant line RMN-200. A comparative analysis of 5S, 25S and double targeted (5S+25S) rDNA distribution in successive generations disclosed high polymorphism in mutant plants in comparison to their respective control. All three types of rDNA markers confirmed significant increase in number of rDNA sites in mutant plants (21) as compared to control (17). Presence of two groups of rDNA in abundant loci in very different chromosomal locations in rapeseed was confirmed in present study. Simultaneously FISH with 5S and 25S rDNA probes also identified inter-genomic and inter-individual polymorphism and chromosomal variations in rapeseed mutant plants. Rapeseed mutant lines of M 5 generation with modified oilcontent of parental variety Abasin-95 was used to investigate genotype and environment interaction and performance stability. Combined analysis of variance for pooled data over three locations namely Peshawar, Faisalabad, and Tandojam for two years showed significant differences among the mean squares for locations, years and genotypes and genotype and environment interaction for seed yield, and oil content. The mutant lines RMN-34 and RMN-14 significantly out yielded the rest of the mutant lines for both traits. The contribution of locations to total variation was higher (73.77 for seed yield & 93.20% for oil yield) as compared to (11.12 & 4.33%) of genotypes and G x E interaction (7.81%). GGE biplot divided environments in major rapeseed growing regions in Pakistan into four subsets. The graphic biplots of mutant genotype seed yield means and their stability suggested four different genotype groups. Group one highly desirable which was high yielding with high stability such as mutant lines RMN-847 (2n=36-38) and RMN-14 (2n=38). The group with high yield but low stability is desirable for specific selection such as specialty rapeseed oil as in case of mutant genotypes, RMN-34 (2n=38), whereas low yield and low stability mutant lines RMN-2111, (2n=38) and RMN-1191 (2n=35-38) were possible candidates for special breeding purposes such as disease or drought resistance selection. The most undesirable mutant genotype was RMN-200 (2n=38) with low yield but high yield stability. Rapeseed mutant genotype RMN-200 performed poorly for yield in all the three test locations. The mutant lines RMN-847, RMN-14 and RMN-34 along with parental cultivar Abasin-95 expressed more adaptability over test locations.
3 ستمبر 1924 ء کو منظر عام پر آنے والا یہ اردو کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ہے۔ اس میں تقریباً چوبیس سال تک کا کلام موجود ہے۔ اقبال اردو کلام کی اشاعت کے حق میں نہ تھے۔ ایک صاحب نے شوق میں یہ کام کر بھی دیا تو اقبال نے قانونی طور پر پابندی عائد کروادی۔ اس کے بعد خود توجہ دی۔ بہت سا حصہ حذف کر دیا۔ اقبال کے تمام مجموعوں میں بانگ در اسب سے بڑا مجموعہ ہے۔ اس میں 1901ء سے 1905 ء کا کلام پہلے حصے میں 1905ء سے 1908ء کا کلام دوسرے حصہ میں اور یورپ سے واپسی کے بعد سے لے کر 1924 ء تک کا کلام تیسرے حصے میں شامل ہے۔ اس طرح بانگ درا کے کل تین حصے ہیں۔ اس میں143 نظمیں اور 28 غزلیں شامل ہیں۔عمدہ افکار و اسالیب پر مبنی مرثیے اس تصنیف میں موجود ہیں۔ زیادہ تر طویل نظمیں اسی تصنیف میں موجود ہیں۔
Despite the smooth transition of power from the British colonists to the Sri Lankan Sinhalese in 1949, Sri Lanka inherited considerable challenges. After the culmination of the civil war, from 1983 to 2009, Sri Lanka confronted numerous obstacles in the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the country. Drawing from Birch’s model of national integration, this study attempts to examine the diverse political, economic, and social challenges facing Sri Lanka. The review shows that Sri Lanka needs critical nation building in the following areas: (i) Infrastructural development; (ii) Resettlements and rehabilitation of displaced populations; (iii) Ethnic and religious integration; (iv) Equality in political representation; (v) Educational and employment policies; (vi) Gender equality policies; and (vii) Mental health interventions for children and women. The role of international bodies, like the United Nations Human Rights Council, and neighboring countries is key to creating pressure for national integration and growth. There is fear that if national unity is not at the forefront of state and international policy for Sri Lanka, conflict and instability may arise again.
Brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee) is a serious pest of brinjal and is responsible for colossal yield losses. The pest is mainly controlled by chemical insecticides which poses serious threats to human and environment thus demands the use of alternatives. The present studies were conducted with the objective to manage the pest with various methods other than use of chemical pesticides. Use of resistant cultivars is an economical and environmentally safer methods in pest management. In this regard thirteen brinjal cultivars were tested for their resistance against the pest on the basis of fruit infestation. The cultivars Nirala and Anmol were found relatively resistant, Karishma, Kanha (091) and Ep-273 were intermediate resistant and Naeelam and Black long were categorized as susceptible. In another experiment, relationship between various physico-morphic characteristics of brinjal cultivars and pest infestation was studied. The results showed variable infestation levels of L. orbonalis on different cultivars. Cultivar Naeelam showed maximum fruit infestation (58.60 and 48.09%) followed by Black long (47.93 and 33.31%), while minimum was observed in Nirala with (24.75 and 21.57%) fruit infestation during 2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively. Similarly, shoot infestation was found maximum in Naeelam (43.15 and 33.75%) followed by Kanha-091 (37.72 and 28.73%) and Nirala was found as least attacked by the pest showing 19.27 and 15.81% shoot infestation during 2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively. The correlation of different morphological plant characters with fruit infestation indicated very strong but negative correlation between fruit infestation and leaf trichomes, stem thickness and stem hair density. A negatively significant correlation was found between fruit infestation and plant height (r = -0.716), crown hair density (r = -0.672) while the correlations with leaf hair density (r = -0.623), and leaf area (r = -0.613), was also significant but negative. There was positive correlation of fruit infestation with yield (q/acre) and positive and non-significant correlation with number of primary branches/plant with r –value 0.661 and 0.319, respectively. Additionally, various management techniques were tested individually and in different combinations for the management of L. orbonalis. The integration of Trichogrammachilonis, hoeing and clipping of infested plant parts reduced fruit infestation to the maximum level (5.61, 6.14 and 6.66%) and maximum increase in yield (q/acre) (42.58, 35.99 and 39.29) at research farm PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, vegetable research farm NARC, Islamabad and Usman Khattar Vegetable Farm Taxila, Rawalpindi, respectively against L. orbonalis fruit infestation. Conclusively, the resistant cultivar “Nirala” and integration of different non chemical techniques (Trichogramma chilonis + hoeing + clipping) were recommended for the management of L. orbonalis in brinjal fields.