The discipline of Philosophy has always been widely encompassing inquiries from varied disciplines of both pure and social sciences; that is why now it includes almost every dimension of society. Pioneered in the Greek era, and evolved with the magnificent ancient historical foundations, Philosophy has gained worthy interdisciplinary vastness in 19th and 20th centuries. This thesis is an effort to explore Philosophy of cosmopolitan nationalism and its application in Sindh. This thesis discusses how the idea of nationalism has been critically evaluated as the world witnessed that the oppression under Hitler’s Nazism and Mussolini’s Fascism were also dubbed as nationalism. This damaged the justified and true nationalistic struggles of the beleaguered nations, of which Pakistan is the best example. This thesis is an effort to understand evolution of history, connotation and merits and demerits of cosmopolitan nationalism to comprehend the transformation of patriotic chronicles of Sindh’s political history into the precincts of cosmopolitan nationalism in Pakistan. Pakistan is a federation formed by the constituent units, in which the relationship between the units and the federation has always been estranged due to the thrust of the uniformity paradigm since the country’s inception, which cost division of the country in 1971. This thesis bases its main argument on Marxist perspective, which offers an enduring answer to the problems of Sindh by reforming its society with the help of class struggle as envisaged by Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels. The Marxist proposition of class struggle is judiciously used in the thesis; since Marx’s paradigm was universalistic, there is no doubt that in the present century cosmopolitan nationalism may take enormous benefit from Marxian paradigm in promoting class struggle to unite people of different ethnicities in Pakistan, as we observe this happening in the different parts of the world, particularly in the 20th century. The same can happen in Sindh as well. This especially is being done by some Marxist political activists in Pakistan, such as R. B. Palijo’s socialist paradigm in relation to Sindh province of Pakistan, to resolve tension between different ethnicities in the province of Sindh.
شیخ عبدالفتاح ابو غدہ افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ ماہ مشہور فاضل شیخ عبدالفتاح ابوغدہ ریاض میں انتقال فرماگئے، ان کی تدفین مدینہ منورہ کے معروف قبرستان جنت البقیع میں ہوئی، شیخ کا وطن شام کا مشہور شہر حلب تھا، ابتدائی تعلیم شام میں اور اعلیٰ تعلیم جامعہ ازہر مصر میں پائی۔ ایک عرصہ تک شام ہی میں درس و تدریس کی خدمت انجام دیتے رہے، ۱۹۶۴ء میں محمد بن سعود یونیورسٹی ریاض میں پروفیسر مقرر ہوئے تصنیف و تالیف سے مدۃالعمر سروکار رہا، حدیث و رجال پر انکی بڑی وسیع اور گہری نظر تھی، فقہ، تاریخ و ادب سے بھی دلچسپی تھی، مولانا عبدالحئی فرنگی محلی سے خاص شغف تھا، ان کی متعدد کتابیں ایڈٹ کیں۔ مولانا حبیب الرحمن الاعظمی کے علمی تبحر اور وسعت نظر کے بڑے معترف تھے، ممتاز عالم مولانا سیدابوالحسن علی ندوی سے ان کے مخلصانہ روابط تھے جن کی دعوت پر وہ کئی بار دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء لکھنو تشریف لائے اور اس کے اور ہندوستان کے دوسرے کتب خانوں سے استفادہ کیا، ان کے تلامذہ کا حلقہ وسیع تھا، جن میں ہندوستانی فضلا بھی شامل ہیں، شیخ ابوغدہ کی وفات بڑا علمی سانحہ ہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ دین و علم کے اس خادم کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی۔ مارچ ۱۹۹۷ء)
Islam has borne a deep and lasting impact on all aspects of human life. Inevitably language, which is a crucial factor in the build-up of society, has also been re-vitalized and re-invigorated by Islam. It was Arabia where Islam dawned its early rays, hence it is the Arabic language that got evolved under the revolutionary spirit of Islam. This deep impact has been caused through the two basic sources of Islam i. e. Quran and Hadith. Since our focus is Hadith, hence we shall talk on the impact of Hadith on the Arabic language. Hadith has a lasting influence on the Arabic language, its literature, and the various genres of the Arabic literature. The topmost among these diverse genres that dramatically evolved under the impact of Islam is 'letter writing'. The genre of letter writing has been passing through its evolutionary stages before the Prophet-hood of Muhammad (S. A. W) . Yet the clarity and style that it adopted; the purposefulness that it aspired and opted for; and its utility as an important official correspondence document all happened in the hands of our Holy Prophet (S. A. W) . In short, it turned into a regular genre of literature. Letter-writing owes deeply to the life infusing spirit of our Holy Prophet (S. A. W) for its lay-out and design, its aim and purpose, and basic features. Our Holy Prophet (S. A. W) left a lasting impact on the letter writing that shall always be a source of inspiration for the faithful.
Background:Breast cancer is characterized by late presentation and significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries.Breast screening aids in early detection of breast cancer. The nursing health worker is uniquely placed to provide advocacy and screening in a resource limited environment.
Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of an abbreviated training program in breast cancer awareness on nurses at a tertiary hospital, the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi.
Methods: Using a statistical tool, the Solomon Model, 79 nurses were identified and divided into experimental and control groups. An abbreviated training intervention in breast cancer awareness was administered to the experimental group. Pre and post test questionnaires and objective structured clinical examinations were used to determine nurses’ knowledge and practice skills before and after the abbreviated training intervention.
Results: Initial scores of knowledge and practice skills related to clinical breast examination were low: Mean knowledge scores of 18 out of 25(72%) and mean practice scores of 12.5 out of 30(41.6%). Significant improvement was observed following the abbreviated training intervention in both knowledge and practice skills. Knowledge scores of 22 out of 25( 88%, p = < 0.001) and practice scores of 26 out of 30(86.6%, p=0.003).
Trained nurses were able to improve their knowledge of breast cancer from fair to good knowledge.
Conclusion: There is need to increase breast awareness, both in terms of knowledge and practice skills, innursing health care workers as a means of improving awareness among the general population andearly detection of breast cancer. An abbreviated training in breast cancer awareness can improve these skills in nurses.