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Phosphorus Dynamics and its Uptake by Wheat in Salt-Affected Soils

Thesis Info

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Author

Rashid, Muhammad Farhan

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Soil Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10504/1/Muhammad%20Farhan%20Rashid_Soil%20Science_2018_UAF_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726887391

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In some serious environmental constraints, soil salinity is a worldwide major issue for crop production and soil declination. Salinity in Pakistan has covered 6.68 million hectares area of cultivated land and further out of 6.68 million hectares 56% area is covered by saline sodic. The soil salinity causes hindrance in the availability of very essential macronutrients like phosphorus. The relation between phosphorus uptake and soil salinity is a complex phenomenon. With the aim to calculate phosphorus (P) fractions and to maximize P bioavailability in wheat crop, a series of pot and field experiments were conducted in normal and salt affected soils. In 1st incubation study rate of P was selected on the basis of plant available P at different time intervals from three different rates (200, 400 and 600 mg kg-1 of soil) of P fertilizer. Results revealed that among different fractions of P (bound and bioavailable), maximum Olsen-P was found 12.18 mg kg-1 in PROKA soil (saline sodic), 9.225 mg kg-1 in PARS soil (saline) and 9.125 mg kg-1 in UAF soil (normal), when P was applied at 400 mg kg-1 of soil. Selected rate of P fertilizer (400 mg kg-1) was used in 2nd incubation study with different organic amendments [farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM), crop residue (CR)] and sewage sludge (SS) for the determination of P fractions at different time intervals. Plant available Olsen-P fraction significantly increased after 90 days of incubation in all soils (normal, saline sodic, saline) with amendments FYM and PM but not as much with amendments CR and SS at P application level 400 mg kg-1 of soil. Overall, Olsen-P was increased maximum with PM (23.2, 21.7 and 19.4 mg kg-1) and FYM (20.6, 17.6 and 20.6 mg kg-1) as compare with SS (14.3, 15.5 and 15.7 mg kg-1) and CR (12.9, 14.4 and 14.0 mg kg-1) in normal, saline sodic and saline soils, respectively. To evaluate the effect of P rate (400 mg kg-1) selected from 1st study and organic amendments (FYM and PM) selected from 2nd study, A subsequent pot experiment was conducted in normal (UAF) and salt-affected (PROKA and PARS) soils. Results showed a significant effect on wheat growth, yield, physiological, chemical and biochemical parameters by combined application of P + PM in all soils. On the basis of these parameters, P + PM remained as best in normal and salt-affected soils with order of normal>saline>saline sodic. In pot experiment, maximum level of grain yield (24%), photosynthesis (37%), protein (20%), fat (40%), starch (41%) and maximum reduction in polyphenol (47%) were observed by combined application of P + PM, over control. Highest level of P in root xviii (53%), shoot (57%) and grain (121%) was found in wheat plant grown in normal soil while maximum level of Olsen-P (99%) was observed in saline sodic soil by P+PM treatment, over control. In field experiment, results showed that growth parameters such as plant height, root dry weight and 1000 grain weight were increased maximum with PM + P treatment in all soils. Photosynthetic parameters also affected significantly in all three types of soils by combined application of PM + P. Significant effect of combined application of P fertilizer and PM was recorded in case of P concentration in wheat root, shoot and grain in all soils. Biochemical parameters such as protein, fat, fiber, ash, starch and polyphenols were also affected significantly with treatment PM + P. Overall these experimental results showed that P fertilizer applied with PM, not only improved wheat growth, yield and physiology but also improved grain nutritional value and P uptake in both type of soils (normal and salt-affected). Reduction in adverse effect of soil salinity was also observed by integration of chemical fertilizers and organic amendments.
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کھیلوں کا کردار پر اثر

کھیلوں کا کردار پر اثر
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کا موقع فراہم کیا گیا ہے وہ ہے:’’کھیلوں کا کردار پراثر ‘‘
معزز حاضر ین!
جہاں تک کردار کا تعلق ہے یہ قوموں کی زندگی میں ریڑھ کی ہڈی کی حیثیت رکھتا ہے۔ تعلیمات اسلام اور عبادات دین کا اگربنظرِ غائرمطالعہ اور مشاہدہ کیا جائے تو جو چیز سامنے آتی ہے وہ اچھے کردار اور اخلاق کی تخلیق ہے۔ جملہ احکام الہیہ بھی ایک انسان میں اچھے کردار اور اخلاق کے متمنی ہیں۔ اورقرآن جس کا موضوع انسان ہے وہ بھی ایک اچھے انسان کا خواہش مند ہے۔ جو دین ودنیا میں ہرلحاظ سے کامیاب ہو۔بقول شاعر:
بات کردار کی ہوتی ہے وگرنہ عارفؔ
قد میں انسان سے سایہ بھی بڑا ہوتا ہے
ذہین انسان ہی با کردار ہوتا ہے۔ ماہر نفسیات کہتے ہیں کہ ذہن جب باہر آتا ہے تو کردار بن جاتا ہے کردار جب اندر جاتا ہے تو ذہن بن جاتا ہے۔
صدرِذی وقار!
یہ موضوع بہت طویل ہے میں صرف مذکورہ موضوع پر چند گزارشات پیش کرنا چاہتا ہوں۔ تاریخِ اقوام عالم پر نظر دوڑائیں تو کاروبار اور محنت و مشقت کے ساتھ ساتھ آپ کو ایسے لمحات بھی دکھائی دیں گے جن میں تفریح اور کھیل کودکے سوا کچھ نہیں ہوگا۔ کھیل کود کا تصور اسلام میں بھی موجود ہے کہ محسنِ کائنات حضرت محمدؐ نے بھی تیرا کی اور دوڑ کے مقابلوں میں حصہ لیا۔ کھیل اور تفر یحی پروگرام کردار پر بڑا اچھا اثر ڈالتے ہیں۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ دیگر ممالک کی طرح پاکستانی نظام تعلیم میں اور اوقات تعلیم و تدریس میں بھی باقاعدہ ڈرل کا پیریڈ ہوتا ہے۔...

Pengaruh Sistem Pengendalian Manajemen Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan memperoleh data apakah sudah diterapkan sistem pengendalian manajemen dan memperoleh data capaian kinerja pegawai serta seberapa besar pengaruh sistem pengendalian manajemen terhadap kinerja pegawai pada LPP RRI Gunungsitoli. Sampel dalam penelitian ini di ambil seluruh jumlah populasi sebanyak 39 orang. Metode yang dipergunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kuantitatif (Inferest), di mana data yang dikumpulkan di verifikasi, validasi, reliabilitas dan diuji hipotesisnya dengan menggunakan uji t. Pengolahan data distribusi t dengan dk = 37 dan taraf signifikan 5% diperoleh ttabel =1.687. Dengan demikian bahwa thitung > ttabel (6.384 >1.687), dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,724. Hasil yang didapatkan dengan melakukan pengujian koefisien determinasi sebesar 51% pengaruh sistem pengendalian manajemen terhadap kinerja, sedangkan faktor-faktor lain yang tidak di bahas dalam penelitian ini sebesar 48%. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian hipotesis Ha di terima dan H0 di tolak, menunjukkan bahwa thitung>ttabel (6.384>1.687), sehingga dapat dikatakan ada pengaruh sistem pengendalian manajemen terhadap kinerja pegawai LPP RRI Gunungsitoli.

The Headteacher’S Role in Motivating Teachers to Work in a Secondary School Facing Adverse Circumstances

The teachers in public sector school, in most of the developing countries, are working in challenging circumstances in terms of lack of physical resources. In Pakistan, the situation is not different. In most of the public schools in Pakistan, the teachers are confronted with lack of physical resources which has contributed to a large extent in their demotivation towards their work. Recent studies also point out that it is only the teachers' working context which motivates or demotivates them. The research also recommends for the exploration of factors within the school context, which can contribute to teacher motivation. Research assumes that when teachers' work context is conducive for their motivation, then they are motivated. Literature considers that the head teacher can create an environment in the school through his/her influential role, which motivates teachers towards their work. This small scale qualitative case study was conducted for exploring the role of the head teacher in motivating teachers to work in a school facing adverse circumstances. The study had four research participants that is, the head teacher and three teachers. The study was conducted in a secondary school run by a Trust, with little or no physical resources, yet the teachers were found to be motivated. The head teacher was found motivated towards making the school environment appealing for the teachers. The school environment comprised a clear vision, both for the whole school and individual teachers. The vision of the school was well-conveyed to the teachers by the head teacher, who encouraged the teachers to set their individual goals. The head teacher’s approach heartened teachers to work collaboratively towards the achievement of their goals. He also involved teachers in decision making and empowered them as autonomous professionals. He developed friendly relationships with the teachers and appreciated their efforts. The study found the lack of physical resources as a big challenge for the head teacher in motivating teachers. However, the head teacher’s role of standing by the teachers in any kind of situation and leading by setting a personal example enable him to deal with these challenges and this also made the teachers stand by him in any kind of situation.